Figures of Speech by Association

Moreover, Lakoff and Johnson 1984: 33 also state that personification is a process to comprehend a wide variety of experiences with inhuman entities in terms of human motivations, characterizations, and activities. It motivates something inhuman as human being. Thus, personification is a device to visualize the human‘s quality or attribute through the portrait of inhuman that certainly drives an imagination of the audiences. 4 Apostrophe According to Perrine 1977: 65, apostrophe is a type of figures of speech which consists of addressing inhuman as it is alive or present and can reply to what being said. Apostrophe is closely considered as personification or metaphor since it also compares two domains and gives the human‘s quality to inhuman. Yet, apostrophe has a significant characteristic that makes it different from pers onification and metaphor. Apostrophe is used to provide what the speaker‘s thought or when the speaker is able to address other entities without the entities present or reply. For instance, the expression My starts Give me the kiss is an apostrophe since the purpose is to articulate what the speaker‘s thought although the entities is not present or reply the speaker.

b. Figures of Speech by Association

The second category of figures of speech is figures of speech by association. It is a type of expression of word or phrase which is associated to one thing to cut out the literal meaning. There are four types of figures of speech by association as follows. 1 Synecdoche Synecdoche is a type of figures of speech that is used to refer of part of something to the whole. Leech 1969: 150 states synecdoche is defined as a principle system which applies the term for the part to the whole or vice versa. He added that synecdoche occurs in two terms; the term of the whole for the part or the general term for the specific. For instance, the expression where is Luke? I did not see his nose today is the expression of synecdoche since the term ‗his nose‘ represents ‗his whole body‘. What the speaker means that Luke is not coming today. Hence, it clearly shows how synecdoche represents a whole by referring a part. 2 Metonymy In contrast to metaphor, metonymy is defined as a transposition between associated concepts which are stayed within the boundaries of same conceptual domain Simpson, 2004: 43. Moreover, Lakoff and Johnson 1984: 35 agree with Simpson. He stated that metonymy is used to refer one entity to another entity and it relates one another. Gluksberg 2001: 7 adds that metonymy is used to refer expressions that involve one conceptual domain whereas metaphor involves two conceptual domains. The example of metonymy is in a new Rolex will satisfy her. By saying the expression, the speaker stated that heshe has a new watch. Thus, metonymy substitutes a term by referring the intended reference which is associated in one or another way. 3 Symbol Perrine 1977: 83 defines a symbol as the most complex and difficult in poetical figures which sometimes it can be more general in its meaning . However, it is able to suggest more specific meaning. Furthermore, Perrine 1977: 81 also states a symbol can be defined as a domain that means more than what it is. However, a symbol is closely related to image and metaphor that are difficult to distinguish. Yet, generally, a symbol means what it is and something beyond or more meanwhile metaphor draws something other than what it means. For instance, the expressions of the butterflies are dancing in my stomach and he is my guardian angel represent symbol and metaphor. The first expression contains a symbol using butterfly as a symbol of happiness whereas the second one is metaphor because the expression compares human with an angel. Hence, it shows that a symbol draws an imaginative poetic to portray the condition or to make clear what actually is said. 4 Allegory Allegory is a type of figure of speech which is defined as a sequence of related symbols that occurs in narrative text. It has a second meaning beneath the surface or it can be seen as a series of related symbol, Perrine 1977: 88-89. In addition, Leech 1969: 163 describes allegory as a multiple symbol which has an individual interpretation but it can elaborate a total interpretation. Thus, allegory significantly can convey an ulterior message through figures of symbol to comprehend an abstract concept to be a concrete concept. Perrine 1977: 88-89 gives the example of allegory through Prophet Joseph in the Bible‘s tale. In the Bible, Pharaoh has a dream in which seven fat kines are devoured by seven lean kines and it interpreted by Prophet Joseph. The dream means Egypt enjoys seven years of fruitfulness and prosperity obeyed by seven years of famine. The example draws allegory in which symbol is illustrated by seven and interpreted as a period of time, fat kine as fruitfulness and prosperity, and lean kine as famine. Indeed, those symbols are used to give further visualization to the audiences for understanding the story.

c. Figures of Speech by Contrast