Definition of Clause Kinds of Clauses .1 Noun Clause

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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Veit 1986:6 states that grammar is a person’s subconscious language knowledge. The structure of expressions consists of the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. Clause comes from the combination of words. Word discusses about part of speech which consists of noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection Wren, and Martin 2000:3. Phrase is a group of words that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech. It does not have a subject or a verb. Phrase consists of prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, appositive phrase, verbal phrase, participle phrase, gerund phrase, and infinitive phrase Rozakis 2003: 102. The combination of clause forms sentences. This means everyone needs to understand clause first so that they can write sentences well. Based on that reason, this paper attempts to discuss clauses and more specifically the adjective clause.

2.1 Definition of Clause

Langan 2003:100 states that clause is a group of word that has a subject and a verb and must express a complete thought. Moreover, a clause begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. McClelland and Marcotte 2003:232 state that there are two types of clause namely independent clause and dependent clause. According to Blythe 2004 an independent clause consists of a subject and a predicate. And it consists of three types namely; independent clause with Universitas Sumatera Utara 6 transitive verbs, independent clause with intransitive verbs, and independent clause with linking verbs. For example; 1 I read a magazine last week. independent clause with transitive verb 2 He is very handsome. independent clause with transitive verb 3 He looks very handsome. independent clause with linking verb Dependent clause is not a complete idea. A dependent clause often has S – V –C form, but is not a sentence because the meaning is not clear McClelland and Marcotte 2003:233. So it can not stand alone as a sentence. For example: 1 He bites his finger when he is nervous. The clauses when he is nervous and you are always okay are dependent clauses. The clause when he is nervous is the adverb clause of verb bite. 2 I hope you are always okay. You are always okay is noun clause which stands as an object. There are three types of dependent clause here. According to Frank 1972 there are three types of dependent clauses: noun clause , adverb clause and adjective clause. It will be discussed one by one. 2.2 Kinds of Clauses 2.2.1 Noun Clause A noun clause consists of a subject and predicate that functions as a noun Frank 1972:62 in her book Modern English: Exercise for Non – Native Speakers. A noun clause may be classified according to the kinds of sentences from which they are derivied; statements, questions, requests, exclamations. Universitas Sumatera Utara 7 Types Types and functions of noun clauses 1 Statement 2 Question 3 Interrogative 4 Exclamation Introductory conjunction That Whether If Who What Which When Where, Why, How What How Function Subject Subject after it Subjective complement Object of a verb Appositive Subject Subjective complement Object of verb Object of preposition Subject Subjective complement Object of verb Object of preposition Object of verb Object of preposition Examples: 1 It is well knowns that coffee grows in Brazil. subject after it 2 That she is narrow minded really shocks me. subject of a verb 3 I know that your father is a Prime Minister. object of a verb 4 His belief that some of his night mares will come true can’t be tolerated. appositive 5 My understanding it that you are his wife. subjective complement 6 Whether he gets the money doesn’t concern me. subject 7 The question is whether he will get the money. subjective complement 8 Do you know if she will come back? object of verb Universitas Sumatera Utara 8 9 We were concerned about whether they would return their dues. object of preposition 10 How he gets the job is his own problem. subject 11 I’m asking where you stay? object of a verb 12 I’m afraid of what will happen next. object of preposition 13 The problem is when will they give our result? subjective complement 14 I hadn’t realized what a pretty girl she was. object of verb 2.2.2 Adverb Clause An adverb clause consists of a subject and predicate introduced by a subordinate conjunction like when, although, because, if Frank 1972:23 in his book Modern English: Exercise for Non-Native Speaker Part II. Most types of adverbial clauses function as modifying the verb of the main clause. Adverb clause has three possible positions: initial, middle, and final positions. Examples: 1 When he comes, you may call me out. initial 2 He invited me, although I refused, to attend his wedding ceremony. middle 3 Shut all the windows before you go out. final 1 Adverb Clause of Time Types of adverb clauses 2 Adverb Clause of Place 3 Adverb Clause of Concession 4 Adverb Clause of Result 5 Adverb Clause of Purpose 6 Adverb Clause of Condition while, when, since, until, whenever, after, before, as, etc. where, wherever although, though, even if, as if, even though, etc. so, that, so that, such a...that in order that, so that, in the hope that, lest, etc. if, unless, if only, on condition that, in case, as long Universitas Sumatera Utara 9 7 Adverb Clause of Reason 8 Adverb Clause of Manner 9 Adverb Clause of Comparison as, so long as, provided that, if only, etc. because , for, since, as. as as...as, so...as, more...than, less...than Examples: 1 The new machine works just as efficiently as the old one did. 2 The gown we saw yesterday is less expensive than this one. 3 You may do it as you like. 4 I don’t know whether he is going to party or not. 5 So long as someone is willing to treat her, she would go to the movies. 6 He sat in the front row, so that he heard every word of the lecture. 7 We will be glad to go with you to the theatre tonight provided that we can get a baby-sitter . 8 They are working night and day in the hope that they can finish the building at the scheduled time . 9 She is so emotional that every little thing upsets her. 10 Once she makes up her mind, she never changes it. 2.2.3 Adjective Clause Adjective modifies a noun. It describes or gives information about a noun Azar 1992: 309. The adjective clause modifies a preceding noun or a pronoun. The noun or pronoun being modified is called the anticident. The adjective clause is also called a relative clause. Universitas Sumatera Utara 10 Noun Meaning Types of adjective clauses 1 A person 2 A thing 3 A time 4 A place 5 A reason Conjunction Who Whom Whose Which That When Where why Examples: 1 He paid the man who had done the work. 2 I saw the girl whom you inroduced to me. 3 The man whose car was lost put a case. 4 Here is the book which describes animals. 5 The chair that he broke is being repaired. 6 This is the year when everyone will enjoy. 7 Here is the boarding where I was brought up.Give me the reason why you did that . Universitas Sumatera Utara 11

3. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES USED IN ARTICLES OF GLOBE ASIA MAGAZINE