CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Translating Strategies
Theoretically, according to Beekman dan Callow, the technique of translating unfamiliar or unknown concept includes three alternatives;
1. generic words with descriptive phrase 2. borrowed words
3. cultural replacement
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Furthermore Larson explains that to find a good lexical equivalent translator should understand the form and function relationship. There are four possibilities; firstly, things or
cases in one language and culture probably have similar form and function in other languages. For example, nose has similar form and function in every culture and language. Secondly, the
form may be alike, yet the function can be different. The word bread perhaps has similar form in both cultures, but the function is different. Bread is main food in one culture, but it is only
some snack in others. The third possibility; the same form is not available in the target language, for instance, bread in some culture is main food, but in some other culture main food
is corn. Somehow, both kinds of main food have similar function in both cultures. Fourth possibility; that form and function in both cultures are totally different
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. That word or phrase refers to something which is absolutely unavailable in the other culture, and in this culture,
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Larsen. Mildred, Meaninng-Based Translation. A Guide to cross Language Equivalence.Lanham :University Press of America,1984, p.163
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Larsen. Mildred, Meaninng-Based Translation. A Guide to cross Language Equivalence.Lanham :University Press of America,1984, p.163-165
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there is no alternative concept that has the same function. In this case, descriptive phrase is used for that form and function.
Furthermore, Newmark offers general translating strategies as follows: 1. Transferring strategy
This translating strategy is used by the translator to find a lexical meaning by transferring the same term yet with a few adjustment of spelling in the source language to the receptor.
2. Naturalization strategy 3. Cultural equivalent
This translating strategy is used to replace the cultural concept of source language by the cultural concept of receptor language; at least the concept could be similar to the one in
source language.
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4. Functional equivalent strategy This strategy is used by the translator to find the lexical meaning by giving explanation of
the function of the word in source language to the target language. For instance “Marbot” is translated to be “Mosque caretaker”.
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Widyamartaya,A, Seni Menerjemahkan, Yogyakarta : Karnisius, 1994, P.12 9
5. Descriptive equivalent strategy This strategy is used by the translator to find the lexical meaning by giving description of
the word in source language to the target language. For instance “Marbot” is translated to be “Mosque caretaker”.
6. Absorb Word Strategy
Translating strategy using absorbed words style is sometimes also used when it is so hard for the translator to find a lexical meaning of a word or expression with unknown concept in target
language that the same original term in source language is used as well for the term in target language.
7. Direct translation strategy This strategy is used by the translator to translate the word in source language directly to
the receptor language lexically for instance the word “mengerjakan” translated “do”. 8. Transposition strategy
9. Specific – General Strategy
Translating strategy using specific-general style is used when it is quite difficult for the translator to find a lexical meaning of a word or expression with a specific cultural concept so that it is
translated by using more general cultural concept. This strategy is also applied by the translator to create a proper lexical equivalent of a word or expression which has no lexical meaning in the
target language.
10. Known translation Strategy 11. Compensation strategy
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12. General – Specific Strategy.
Translating strategy using general-specific style is the opposite of the previously mentioned strategy and is used when it is quite difficult for the translator to find a lexical meaning of a word or
expression with a general cultural concept in source language that can be easily understood in target language so that it is translated by using more specific cultural concept. This strategy is also applied
by the translator to create a proper lexical equivalent of a word or expression which has unknown concept in the target language
13. Paraphrase strategy This strategy is used when the concept explained in source language has lexical meaning in
receptor language but it has different type, and when the words appear more frequently in source language. Translating by paraphrasing can be done in two ways, i.e. by using
different words or by using a sentence to reveal the word meaning in source language
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. 14. Registry strategy
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B. Culture
Kategori