CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Theoretical Review
In this chapter, three parts would be discussed. They are: 1.
The nature of teaching and learning 2.
Language learner 3.
Learning strategy and Learning styles The discussion of each will be presented below.
1. The Nature of Teaching and Learning
There are some definitions of teaching and learning. Brown 2000:7 claims teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn
and to set the conditions for learning. Teaching is showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of something,
providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand. Schunk in Harmer 2001: 44 asserts that learning is an enduring change in
behaviour, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience. In conclusion, learning is collaboration
between teachers and students which involves language in the process. The process brings an enduring change in behaviour. The collaboration results in a
practice and somewhat of a classroom activity which mostly occur in the process of teaching and learning. Fry 1999:9 claims that learning may involve mastering
abstract principles, understanding proofs, remembering factual information, acquiring methods, techniques and approaches, recognition, reasoning, debating
ideas, or developing behaviour appropriate to specific situations.
Brown 2007:8 defines seven concepts of learning. These concepts are indeed the nature of learning itself. These seven concepts of learning are
mentioned as follows. 1.
Learning is acquisition or getting. 2.
Learning is retention of information or skill. 3.
Retention implies storage systems, memory, and cognitive organization.
4. Learning involves active, conscious focus and acting upon events
outside or inside the organism. 5.
Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting. 6.
Learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice. 7.
Learning is a change in behaviour. Based on the claim mentioned above, it can be concluded that learning, in
nature, is a long-term, permanent process which is irreversible and it involves memory, consciousness, information, skills, and some practices. These are some
of the elements which take part in the process of learning and they are indeed interrelated each other.
2. Language Learners
Two parts will be discussed in this section, they are: a.
Learners b.
Good Language Learners c.
Autonomous Learners The discussion of each will be presented as follows.
a. Learners
In this part, the notion of learners will be discussed. Learners in this study refers to adolescent or teenage learners as Harmer 2007: 81 mentions that there
are three groups of learners according to their age, one of them is adolescencent. Penny in Harmer 2001: 38 suggests that adolescents learners are in fact overall
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