Brown 2007:8 defines seven concepts of learning. These concepts are indeed the nature of learning itself. These seven concepts of learning are
mentioned as follows. 1.
Learning is acquisition or getting. 2.
Learning is retention of information or skill. 3.
Retention implies storage systems, memory, and cognitive organization.
4. Learning involves active, conscious focus and acting upon events
outside or inside the organism. 5.
Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting. 6.
Learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice. 7.
Learning is a change in behaviour. Based on the claim mentioned above, it can be concluded that learning, in
nature, is a long-term, permanent process which is irreversible and it involves memory, consciousness, information, skills, and some practices. These are some
of the elements which take part in the process of learning and they are indeed interrelated each other.
2. Language Learners
Two parts will be discussed in this section, they are: a.
Learners b.
Good Language Learners c.
Autonomous Learners The discussion of each will be presented as follows.
a. Learners
In this part, the notion of learners will be discussed. Learners in this study refers to adolescent or teenage learners as Harmer 2007: 81 mentions that there
are three groups of learners according to their age, one of them is adolescencent. Penny in Harmer 2001: 38 suggests that adolescents learners are in fact overall
the best language learners. This supported bt Brown 2000: 92 states that adolescent learners are increased in some sophisticated intelectual processes;
attention spans are lengthening; increased capacities of varieties sensory input; their ego, self image and self-esteem are at their pinnacle; and increasingly
adultlike in their ability. Harmer 2007: 83 also asserts that most of adolescents understands the need for learning and they can be responsible enough to do what
is asked of them with the right goals. Further Harmer 2007: 83 claims that adolescents need to feel good about themselves and valued as they are in
searching for identity and a need for self-esteem. Based on the definition above, there are some characteristics of adolescent learners that need to be filled. The
teaching and learning proses should fulfill these characteristic. Thus, learning materials have to be designed at learners‘ level. Also, they must be encouraged to
respond to texts and situations with their own thoughts and experiences.
b. Good Language Learners
