Review of Previous Study

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter II consists of three main parts. The first part is review of previous study, the second part is theoretical review, and the last part is theoretical framework. In the theoretical review, the writer presents the theories related to the topic of the research. It explains about translation, translation process, translation methods, then explains about subtitle, subtitling process, translation strategies in subtitling, codes of good subtitling practice, translation quality assessment, assessment purposes, types of assessment, readability, and translation readability test.

2.1 Review of Previous Study

Translation has become important elements in conveying messages, thus translating the source language SL into the target language TL is not easy as it seems. A good translation is the one the target language reader can catch the meaning of the text, in order to achieve this, the translators need to use the appropriate strategies in translating and comply with certain levels of readability. There have been some researchers conducted the research in the field of translation. Yet, there were few studies done on the study about strategy of translation and translation quality asessment. Many of the studies have the same purposes. Among the studies have been conducted dealing with the quality of 11 translation and they analyze the readability translation. I use them as refferences in conducting this final project. The first study is Ghaemi and Benyamin 2010 entitled Strategies Used in the Translation of Interlingual Subtitling. This study was an attempt to identify the interlingual strategies employed to translate English subtitles into Persian and to determine their frequency, as well. The study‟s theoretical framework was based on Gottlieb‟s 1992 classification of subtitling translation strategies. The results indicated that all strategies proposed by Gottlieb were applicable to the corpus with some degree of variation of distribution among different film genres. The most frequently used strategy was “transfer” at 54.06; the least frequently used strategies were “transcription” and “decimation” both at 0.81. It was concluded that the film genre plays a crucial role in using different strategies. Another research was conducted by Mousavi 2012 entitled Strategies in Subtitling Black English Movies. She also used Gottlieb‟s typology of subtitling strategies. The major aim of this study was to explore the most commonly used strategy in subtitling Black English movies. To do this, six original Black English movies were compared with their subtitled versions in Persian. This descriptive research was a qualitative attempt to describe and analyze the applied strategies. The research question aimed to explore the most prevalent strategy. From the result of her study, it can be concluded that among the subtitling strategies proposed by Gottlieb: 1 the strategy of transfer is the most frequent strategy with 39.2; 2 transcription is the least common strategy with 1.2; 3 dislocation is not used in subtitling Black English among these movies. 12 Natalian and Nugroho 2014 conducted a study entitled Translation Strategies of Cultural Words And Their Readabilities In “The Hunger Games” By Suzanne Collins. The researcher argues that the analysis of cultural words must be related to the translation strategies as the solution for the cultural problems. The researcher uses The Translator‟s Invisibility theory by Venuti 1995 in this research. It consists of two main strategies named domestication and foreignization. In this research, the researcher also uses the translation strategy theory by Vinay and Darbelnet. The theory is divided into 7 strategies, they are: borrowing, caique, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The researcher tries to relate the translation strategy to the readability level. The unit of analysis of this study was all cultural words found in The Hunger Games novel of both English and Indonesian version. The analysis focused on every cultural word at the level of word and phrase. The results of cultural word classifications are: 30 28,04 ecology words, 31 28,97 material culture words, 25 23,36 social culture words, 11 10,28 organization, customs, and idea words, and 10 9,35 gesture and habit words. After classifies the cultural words, the researcher divides the words based on the translation strategy. The results of translation strategy classifications are: 67 62,62 foreignization strategies and 40 37,38 domestication strategies. After that, the researcher also divides the words based on their readability level. The results of readability classifications are: 84 78,50 words at high readability and 23 21,50 words at medium readability. 13 Three studies above conducted strategies in the movie subtitle. Considering that there was still an area of studies that had not been explored, I decided to analyze subtitling strategies and the readability level in a movie. Another research that analyze the readability level of translation is Silalahi 2009 who holds a research entitled “The Impact of the Translation Techniques, Methods, and Ideologies on the Quality of the Translated Text Medical-Surgical Nursing in Bahasa Indonesia ”. The objectives of her study are 1 to formulate translation techniques applied to translate “Medical-Surgical Nursing” text into bahasa Indonesia, 2 to describe translation methods chosen, 3 to interpret translation ideologies adopted, and 4 to assess the impact of the translation techniques, methods and ideologies on the quality of the translated text into bahasa Indonesia. In analyzing the quality of translation, Silalahi used Readibillity-rating instrument proposed by Nababan 2004 to assess the readability of the translation. In the instrument, she modified the scale into 3 scales: 1 low readability level, 2 adequate readability level, and 3 high readability level. In terms of the quality of the translation, it was found that 338 64,75 data are accurate, 136 26,05 less accurate, and 48 9,20 inaccurate. Meanwhile, 396 75,86 data are acceptable, 91 17,44 less acceptable, and 35 6,70 unacceptable. It was also found that 493 data 96,29 have a high readability level, and other 19 3,71 have an adequate readability level. Anggraeni 2012 in her study entitled Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Readability in the Subtitle of Cartoon Movie Despicable Me, the 14 objective of her study is to investigate readability level of the English texts compared to their counterpart in Indonesia found in Despicable Me movie subtitling. In term of analyzing, she also used Readibillity-rating instrument proposed by Nababan 2004 with the modification to assess the readability level of the cartoon movie translation. She modified the scale into 5 scales : 1 unreadable, 2 less readable, 3 readable enough, 4 readable, and 5 very readable. From the result of readability test which was taken by 10 informants, it was found that 2 1.81 data are very readable, 105 95.5 data are readable, 3 2.7 data are readable enough, and there are 0 data categorized as less readable and unreadable. 2.2 Theoretical Review 2.2.1 Translation