8 Palato - alveolar fricatives [ ∫,ʒ]
According to Fromkin, these sounds are produced by raising the front part
of the tongue, tip and blade, to the heard palate 2000:216. Like [t
∫, ] sounds in the place of the articulation, [
∫,ʒ] sounds are also called Palato – alveolar sounds or sometimes also called alveopalatals. According to Fromkin 2000:216, “based
on the manner of the articulation when producing these sounds there would be air which coming out of the mouth which put this sound in to fricatives sound”; for
example, shop [ p], she [ i], and vision [v n].
9 Glottal fricatives [h] Based on the place of the articulation the [h] sound includes as glottal
sound. ”The glottal sound is produced when the glottal is open and no other modification of the air stream mechanisms occurs in the mouth Fromkin, 2000:
216”; for example, house [ha s], who [hu:], and hair [he ə].
10 Bilabial nasal [m]
Fromkin 2000:215, explains that [m] sound is one of bilabial sounds because this sound is produced by bringing both lips together. Based on the
manner of the articulation [m] sound also include as a nasal sound because when this sound is produced the air escapes through the nose Fromkin, 2000:220; for
examples, miss [m s], maybe [me bi], and simple [s mpl].
11 Alveolar nasal [n] According to Fromkin, “based on the place of the articulation the [n]
sound is one of the alveolar sounds which are articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the bony tooth ridge 2000:215”. Fromkin explains that, based
on the manner of the articulation this sound also includes as one of nasal sounds because when this sound is produced, the air escapes through the nose 2000:
220; for examples, so [n ə ], month [m nθ], coin [k n], and none [n n].
12 Velar nasal [ ŋ]
Fromkin 2000:215 explains that “based on the place of the articulation the sound [
ŋ] is also one of velar sounds which are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum”. Like [n] sound, Fromkin states that “on
the manner of the articulation [ ŋ] sound also includes as one of nasal sounds
because when this sound is produced, the air escapes both the mouth and nose 2000: 215”; for example, uncle [
ŋkl], thing [θ ŋ], link [l ŋk], and single [s ŋgl].
13 Lateral [l] According to Fromkin 2000: 223 “based on the place of the articulation
to produce [l] sound, the tip of the tongue raises to the alveolar ridge with the sides of the tongue down, permitting the air to escape laterally over its sides”; for
example, leave [li:v], allow [ əla ], will [w l], and call [k :l].
14 Post–alveolar frictionless continuant [r] Fromkin 2003:242 explains that “based on the place and the manner of
the articulation there are variety ways to produces the sound [r] one of them is by curling the tip of the tongue back behind the alveolar ridge”; for example , read
[ri:d], sorry [s ri], and library [la br əri].
15 Unrounded palatal semi–vowel [j]
Based on the manner of the articulation, Fromkin explains that “semi- vowel [j] is produced by raising the blade of the tongue toward the hard palate
2000:223”. This sound is produce with little or no block of the air stream in the mouth; for example, yesterday [jest
əde ], university [ju:n v :səti], year [j ə], and new
[nju:].
16 Labio–velar semi vowel [w]
Based on the manner of the articulation, Fromkin 2000:223 states that “the glide [w] is produced by both raising the back of the tongue toward the velum
and simultaneously rounding the lips”; for example, which [w ], twelve [twelve], water
[w :t ə], and away [əwe ].
b. Clusters
English allows many clusters of consonants or knows as consonant cluster. According to Colins and Mees 2003:72 “consonant cluster is a sequence
of consonant at the margin of a syllable”. It means in one syllable can consist from two up to five consonants. Clusters may occur in the beginning, middle and
final of words. In the beginning of the word as in words draw [dr :] CC V C with two consonants or scream [skri:m] CCC V C with three consonants. In the middle
of the word as in words lifting [l ft ŋ] C V CC V CC with two consonants or
complete [k
əm pli:t] C V CCC V C V with three consonants. In the final of the word as in words helps [help] CV CCC with three consonants or self [self] C V
CC with two consonants.
c. Vowel
According to Fromkin 2000:478 vowels are a sound which there is little construction is made in the vocal tract and the sound is louder and longer than
consonant. Vowel sounds is produced by different positions of the tongue within the mouth cavity and by round and surround lips. Table 2.3 shows the English
vowel sounds and the manner in which each individual sound is produced.
Table 2.3. English Vowel Sounds
Ungrounded Rounded Front Central Back
High
[i:] = peat [I] = pit
[u:] = boot [ ] = put
Mid [e] = pet
[ :] = pert [
ə] = ago [ :] = port
Low [æ] = pat
[ ] = cup [ ] = pot
[a] = part Campbell,
2004:xxi
1 Front, central, and back vowels
According to Fromkin 2000:227-229, the term front, central, and back refer to parts of the tongue raised.
a Front vowels
Front vowels are made by lifting the front part of the tongue. There are four sounds that belong to the front vowels. They are the sounds [i:] as in tea, [I]
as in sit, [e] as in pen and [æ] as in sad.
b Central vowels
Central vowels are produced by lowering and flattening the tongue. There are tree sounds that belong to central vowels. They are the sounds [
ə] as in adore, [ :] as in bird and [ ] as in up.
c. Back vowels
Back vowels are made by adjusting the back of the tongue. There are five sounds that belong to back vowels. They are the sounds [u:] as in food, [ ] as in
look, [ :] as in all, [ ] as in on and [a] as in car.
2 High, mid, and low vowels
Fromkin 2000:228 and 2000:508 explains that the term high, mid, and low refer to the difference in the tongue height.
High vowels height of the tongue is greatest; the tongue is closet to roof or
mouth. Low vowels
height of the tongue is least. Mid vowels
height of the tongue is intermediate positions neither high nor low. All vowels in the central vowels are mid vowels.
3 Rounded and unround vowels
The third method of describing vowels is something to do with the position of lips. In English Language the front vowels are unround, the back vowels are
round, and the central vowels are ordinary unround Fromkin, 2000:508. Rounded vowels have lips pulled close together and pushed out from the face. The
lips’ position in unrounded vowels is in a neutral position or they are spread out to press against the face.
b. Diphthong
A diphthong is a sound that is made by gliding from one vowel position to another Jones, 1919:22. Figure 2.4 shows the English diphthong sounds which
consists of eight sounds.
Figure 2.4. English Diphthong Sounds Indriani, 2003:77
Diphthong is represented phonetically by sequences of two letters, the first showing the starting point and the second indicating the direction of movement.
According to Collins and Mees 2003: 98 there are two diphthongs. First is centering diphthong, produced by the movement of the tongue
from peripheral to central position. Centering diphthong is end with [ ə] sound as
in the sound [e ə] in the word where [weə], [ ə] in the word near [n ə], [ ə] in the
word tour [t ə], and the sound [ ə] which for some people it includes in the long
vowel [ :] as in the word more [m :]. Second is closing diphthongs, produced by the position of the tongue from
mid or low to high position. Collins and Mees 2003:98 state that the closing diphthongs can be divided into two.
Fronting diphthong is produced by the movement towards a close front vowel. The characteristic of fronting diphthong is end with the sound [ ]. There
are three sounds which are placed in fronting diphthongs. They are the sound [e ] in the word aim [e m], in the sound [a ] in the word ice [a s], and the sound [ ] in
the word oil [ l]. Backing, end with the sound [ ], is produced with the movement towards a close back vowel. There are only two sounds which is placed in backing
diphthongs, they are: the sound [ ə ] in the word phone [fə n], and the sound [ ] in
the word sound [sa nd].
B. Theoretical Framework
In this research, the first grade students experience the process of sound change in learning English language. This research is intended to find out the
phenomena of sound change that occurred in the pronunciation of English words by the first grade students.
First problem formulation is to find out the types of English sound change of the first grade students of Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Negeri 2 Depok Sleman
Yogyakarta. To answer the first research problem the researcher uses the sound change theory based on Campbell 2004 and Crowley 1992. According to
Campbell and Crowley’s theory there are 9 types of sound change process, they are: assimilation, dissimilation, deletion, sound addition, metathesis,
diphthongization, monophthongization, lenition and strengthening. Second problem formulation is to find out the English speech sounds as
the result of the sound change by the pronunciation of the first grade students of Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Negeri
2 Depok Sleman Yogyakarta. After analyzing the types of the English sound change which occurs in students’
