Questionnaire Research Instruments 1. Observation Sheets
1. Comparing the phonetic of students’ pronunciation with the phonetic transcription based on Longman Dictionary Contemporary English 2001,
Oxford American Dictionary 2003 and Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2008.
First, the researcher transcribed the recording of the students’ pronunciation into the phonetic form.
Example: save Æ[se v] thinkÆ[θ ŋk] countriesÆ[ k ntriz]
Second, after transcribing the recording of the students’ pronunciation, the researcher compared the phonetic transcription of the students’ pronunciation with
the phonetic transcription based on the Longman Dictionary Contemporary English 2001, Oxford American Dictionary 2003 and Pronunciation Longman
Dictionary 2008. Example:
Phonetic transcription Words
Longman Pronunciation
Dictionary 2008 Oxford
American Dictionary 2003
Longman Dictionary Contemporary
English 2001 First Grade
Students’ Pronunciation
k ntriz k ntriz k ntriz k ntriz kauntris save
se v se v
se v se f
think
θ ŋk θ ŋk
θ ŋk t ŋØ After comparing the phonetic of students’ pronunciation with the phonetic
transcription based on dictionary, the researcher analyzed the sound change that occurred on their pronunciation.
2. Analyzing the sound changes phenomena by using the theory of sound changes form Campbell 2004 and Crowley 1992.
After finding the sound change that occurred on the students’ pronunciation in pronouncing the English words, the researcher tried to analyze
the phenomena of the sound change by using the theory of sound change from Campbell 2004 and Crowley 1992.
From the previous example the researcher found three words which were the last sound on those words was substituted into the other sound. There are the
sounds self [se f], think [t ŋØ], and countries [kauntris]. The researcher
found two phenomena which discussed about the substitution on the final sound; they are final devoicing and apocope.
The final devoicing is the substitution of voiced final sounds into voiceless sound. Since the words save [se f] and countries [kauntris] experienced the
substitution of the last sound from voiced sound [v,z] into voiceless sounds [f,s], so those words were experienced the final devoicing phenomena. Apocope is the
deletion of consonant in the last word. Since the word think [t ŋØ] was
experienced the lost of final sound, so this word was experienced the apocope phenomena.
The researcher found that the word think [t ŋØ] was experienced the
substitution in the first sound. The fricative sound [ θ] was substituted by the stop
sound [t]. The researcher found one phenomena which described this substitution as strengthening. Strengthening is the substitution of weak sound into strong