F. Research Procedure
This research was conducted in five steps. The first was the preparation step. In this step, the researcher asked for the permission of the English teacher to
conduct this research. The second step was the identification of the participants, in which the
researcher selected the first grade students, as the participants in this research. The third was instrument preparation to collect the data. In this step, the
researcher prepared texts which would be read by students and the audio recorder to record students’ pronunciation.
The fourth step was data collection. In this step, the researcher obtained the data by recording the students’ pronunciation and transcribing the students’
pronunciation into the phonetic transcription. The fifth step was data analysis. The researcher compared the phonetic
transcription of the students’ pronunciation with the phonetic transcription of the words based on Longman Dictionary Contemporary English 2001. Then, it is
followed by observing the process of the sound change that occurred on students’ pronunciation and trying to find the English speech sounds as the result of the
sound change. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
39
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter discusses about the data collected in this study and the research findings.
A. Types of sound change which occur in the process of pronunciation among the first grade students of
Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Negeri 2 Depok Sleman Yogyakarta
The researcher found six types of sound change which occur in the students’ pronunciation. They are assimilation, deletion, sound addition,
monophtongization, strengthening, and other findings.
1. Assimilation
Assimilation is process when one sound causes another sound to change. Assimilation was divided into three phenomena; they are palatalization, final
devoicing, and nasalization. Final devoicing is a phenomenon that occurred on students’ pronunciation.
a. Final devoicing
Final devoicing is the changing process from voiced to voiceless sounds at the end of a word. There were nineteen words which experienced the final
devoicing phenomena. They were presented in the table 4.1. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Table 4.1. The sound changes that were categorized as final devoicing
The phonetic transcription Word
Longman Pronunciation
Dictionary 2008 Oxford
American Dictionary 2003
Longman Dictionary Contemporary
English 2001 Students’
Pronunciation
channels æn
ə
lz ænlz
ænlz ænl
s comes k mz k mz k mz k m
s countries k ntriz k ntriz k ntriz
k ntri s
expensive kspen
t
s v kspens v
kspens v ekspens f
five fa v fa v fa v fa f
friends frendz
frendz frendz
frend z
hands hændz hændz
hændz hænd
s have h
əvhæv həvhæv həv hə f
hours a əz
a əz
a əz ha wər
s hugs h gz h gz h gz h g
s leave li:v
li:v li:v li:
f love l v l v l v l
f of
v əv
əv ə
f pays pe z pe z pe z pe
s save se v se v se v se
f sounds sa ndz sa ndz sa ndz s nd
s these ði:z
ði:z ði:z
d i:
s tv ti:vi:
ti:vi: ti:vi: ti:
f i:
twelve twelv twelv
twelv t
u wel
ə f
NOTE: is used to symbolize the final devoicing process that occurred
Table 4.1 showed two sounds which experienced final devoicing process. They were the sounds [z] and [v]. These voiced sounds were substituted by other
voiceless sounds. For example [z] as voiced sound was substituted by [s] as voiceless sound as in the word countries [k ntriz]
Æ[ kauntris]. According to Swan and Smith 2001:281 “[v] sound is rare in Indonesian words. Indonesian students
are likely to replace [v] by [f], especially at the end of word”. The voiced sound [v] was substituted by the voiceless sound [f] as in the word love [l v]
Æ[l f]. This substitution was caused by simplification. Students found easier to articulate [s]
and [f] sounds than [z] and [v] sounds.
2. Deletion
Deletion is the omission of one or more sounds in word. This process is divided into three types, namely syncope, apocope, and aphaeresis or apheresis.
Apocope is a phenomenon that occurred on students’ pronunciation.
a. Apocope
Apocope is the loss of consonant sound in word. Based on the data collection, the researcher found ten mispronunciation words that experienced the
apocope process. The apocope processes in the students’ pronunciation were presented in the table 4.2.
The researcher found four sounds which were deleted in the final sound. They were the sound [t] as in the word most [m
ə st], the sound [z] as in the word problems
[pr bl əmz], the sound [d] as in the word around [əra nd], the sound [k]
as in the word think [ θ ŋk], and the last the sound [s] as in the word six [siks].
Students did not familiar with double consonant in the last word and got difficulty to pronounce those words. According to Swan and Smith 2001, “Indonesian
words cannot end in voiced stops [b.d.g], the fricatives [v,z, ]. Students are likely to drop those sounds at the ends of words, especially after other consonants”. As
the result, the deletion eased students to pronounce those words.
Table 4.2. The sound changes that were categorized as apocope
The phonetic transcription Word
Longman Pronunciation
Dictionary 2008 Oxford
American Dictionary 2003
Longman Dictionary Contemporary
English 2001 Students’
Pronunciation
around əra nd
əra nd əra nd
ər n d
excellent eks ələnt eksələnt eksələnt eksələn
t first f :st f :rst f :st f :rst f :st f :rst f :s
t guitarist g t :r st g t :r st g t :r st g t :r s
t most m
ə st-o st mə st-o st mə st-o st m o
s t
percent p əsent pərsent pəsent pərsent pəsent pərsent pərsen
t problems pr bl
əmz pr bləmz pr bləmz pr bləm z
six siks siks
siks sik
s think
θ ŋk θ ŋk
θ ŋk t
ŋ k
NOTE: is used to symbolize the apocope process that occurred
3. Sound addition
Sound addition is a process in which phonological rules can add the entire PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI