The sounds [ ∫], [ʒ], [z] and [v] The sounds diphthong and vowel

Labio- refers to lips and –dental refers to teeth. Accoring to Fromkin 2000:215, [f,v] sounds are called labiodentals because the use of lips to produce those sounds by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth and blocking the airstream and having the air push through the narrow opening. “Based on the manner of the articulation these sounds are also called fricatives because in the production of these sounds, the airstream is not completely stopped but is obstructed from flowing freely Fromkin, 2000: 221”; for example, fine [fa n], after [ :ft ə], love [l v], and above [əb v]. 6 Dental fricatives [ θ,ð] According to Fromkin 2000:215, [ θ,ð] sounds are called interdental because these sounds are formed with insert the tongue tip between the upper and lower teeth and block the airstream and have the air push through the narrow opening. According to Fromkin 2000:221 based on the manner of the articulation these sounds are include as fricatives sound. Because when these sounds are produced there is the air coming out of the mouth; for example, thin [ θ n], healthy [helθi], the [ðə], and with [w ð] 7 Alveolar fricatives [s,z] According to Fromkin 2000:215, “based on the place of the articulation, alveolar sound such as [s,z] are articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the bony tooth ridge”. Like [ θ,ð] sounds, based on the manner of the articulation [s,z] sounds are also include as fricatives sound because when these sounds are produced there is the air coming out of the mouth Fromkin, 2000:221; for example, sing [s ŋ], ask [ :sk], and does [də z]. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 8 Palato - alveolar fricatives [ ∫,ʒ] According to Fromkin, these sounds are produced by raising the front part of the tongue, tip and blade, to the heard palate 2000:216. Like [t ∫, ] sounds in the place of the articulation, [ ∫,ʒ] sounds are also called Palato – alveolar sounds or sometimes also called alveopalatals. According to Fromkin 2000:216, “based on the manner of the articulation when producing these sounds there would be air which coming out of the mouth which put this sound in to fricatives sound”; for example, shop [ p], she [ i], and vision [v n]. 9 Glottal fricatives [h] Based on the place of the articulation the [h] sound includes as glottal sound. ”The glottal sound is produced when the glottal is open and no other modification of the air stream mechanisms occurs in the mouth Fromkin, 2000: 216”; for example, house [ha s], who [hu:], and hair [he ə]. 10 Bilabial nasal [m] Fromkin 2000:215, explains that [m] sound is one of bilabial sounds because this sound is produced by bringing both lips together. Based on the manner of the articulation [m] sound also include as a nasal sound because when this sound is produced the air escapes through the nose Fromkin, 2000:220; for examples, miss [m s], maybe [me bi], and simple [s mpl]. 11 Alveolar nasal [n] According to Fromkin, “based on the place of the articulation the [n] sound is one of the alveolar sounds which are articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the bony tooth ridge 2000:215”. Fromkin explains that, based