Notions of culture Culture

15 Meanwhile, as stated in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, clothes are things which is worn to cover someone‟s body or to keep the body warm 2011: 306. In the meantime, still from the same dictionary, costumes are defined as clothes which are usually worn by an actor or someone to make them look like something they pretend to be, such as animal, famous person, plants, etc 2011: 382. In short, costume and clothes depicted by Zare-Behtash and Firoozkoohi are things that someone wears to cover him or her body or things to make him or her look like someone else. Lastly, as mentioned in Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture , the first definition of idiom is a phrase which has different meaning from the words which are formed. The second is a typical expression of a person or a group using their own language 1992: 655. In other words, idiom is words which are used to express something which is different from their real meaning and is usually different from one culture to another. The third classification is taken from Tomalin and Stempleski cited by Kraus 2012: 47 in his paper. Tomalin and Stempleski define culture into three elements. They are: 1 Ideas values, beliefs, and institutions, 2 Products e.g. customs, habits, food, dress, and lifestyle, 3 Behaviors e.g. folklore, music, art, literature. Furthermore, the combination of classification which are applied in this thesis are: 1 Toponym, 2 Anthroponym, 3 Form of entertainment, 4 Fictional character, 5 Measuring system, 6 Food and drink, 7 Costume and clothes, 8 Idiom, 9 Values, 10 Lifestyle. 16

5. The Translation Techniques

The notion of foreignization and domestication is very broad, thus it requires many translation techniques. In this study, the researcher adopts the combined theories from Vinay and Darbelnet and Padersen. This study combines those theories since they are applicable in translating Coelho‟s English version of Adultery into Indonesian version. In the table below, there are translation techniques which are categorized into direct translation foreignization and oblique translation domestication as proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in Munday 2008: 56 – 59. Foreignization Domestication Borrowing Transposition Calque Modulation Literal translation Equivalence Adaptation They are figured out as follows Vinay and Darbelnet 1995: 31 – 40: Firstly, borrowing is a technique in which the ST is transferred directly to the TT in order to fill a semantic gap in the TT without translation. It is used to introduce the flavor of the ST culture to the translation and to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TT. For example, account which is translated into „akun‟. Secondly, calque is a special kind of borrowing where the ST expression or structure is transferred in a literal translation of each element. For instance, „anywhere door‟ which is translated into „pintu kemana saja‟. Thirdly, literal translation is „word-for-word‟ translation described as the most common between languages of the same family and culture. It is a direct PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI