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expressions”. Therefore, culture is things which have rooted in the daily life of one community.
Vermeer in Christina Schä ffner‟s journal 2003: 92 states that “culture
[…] the open system of norms and conventions and their results which govern the behavior of whoever wants to be taken as a
member of a certain society.” Hence, the task to bridge the gap between two or more different cultures is
getting more complex since culture deals with common norms and conventions which can indicated the behaviour of someone who wants to be taken as a
member of a certain society. In the other hand, if there is cultural overlap between ST and TT, the translation process will get easier to be handled.
b. Culture-Related Terms
Reviewing from how culture has rooted in one community, culture-related terms should be carefully taken by the translator in order to make the target
readers appreciate the foreign culture and recognize the difference among the culture. Newmark states that:
Most „cultural‟ words are easy to detect, since they are associated with a particular language and cannot be literally translated, but many cultural
customs are described in ordinary language…, where literal translation would distort the meaning and a translation may include an appropriate
descriptive-functional equivalent 1988: 95.
Therefore, it can be said that culture-related words are particular words which are symbolized in the way how a particular group of people interacts and
communicates to each other which cannot be literally translated. If some terms are deeply rooted in their source culture, they will not have
equivalent terms in the target culture. As stated by Nida and Taber, “differences PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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between cultures may cause more severe complications for the translator than do differences in language structure” 1974: 130. That matter exists because culture
is something which has been pursued by a group of people for a very long time. Thus, even the slightest mistake in translating the cultural
– related terms can be taken as an act against the culture it represents.
c. Culture-Related Term Classifications
In this thesis, the classification which are chosen to specify the culture- related terms are taken from the combination of three theories. The first
classification is from Espindola and Vasconcellos 2006: 49 which classify the culture-related terms into twelve classifications. The second is Zare-Behtash and
Firoozkoohi‟s 2009: 1578 classification which sorts out the culture-related terms into eleven categories.
The third is Barry Tomalin and Susan Stempleski‟s classification which defines culture into three classifications.
Espindola and Vasconcellos depict the classification into: a
Toponyms: a place name, a geographical name, a proper name of locality, region, or some other part of Earth‟s surface or its natural or artificial feature;
b Anthroponyms: ordinary and famous people‟s names, nicknames, or names
referring to regional background which acquire identification status; c
Forms of entertainment: amusement or diversion including public performances or shows, it also encompasses hospitality, such as dinners,
parties, business lunches, etc. d
Means of transportation: the facilities used for the movement of people and goods from one place to another;
