Conflicts between national and local governments. Conflicts commonly exist between

RIGHTS AIPP AIPP Regional Capacity Building Program - Training Manual on the UNDRIP 177 withdrawal of military detachments inside indigenous territories. These mobilizations – rallies, dialogues, pickets, etc. – succeeded in causing the pullout of abusive soldiers and military detachments that were committing human rights violations and causing social problems like gambling and drunkenness. 2. The information and education campaign of the government’s Commission on Human Rights now includes collective rights of indigenous peoples, which was not part of its human rights education in the past. This reflects the mainstreaming and integra- tion of indigenous peoples’ rights education in different languages, which was a result of the sustained lobby and advocacy by Philippine indigenous peoples for the inclusion of indigenous peoples’ rights in the general human rights framework. India 3. In the Naga area in Manipur, Northeast India, peoples’ protests to remove the military outpost from the town were successful. Women’s organizations were able to rescue civilians arrested by the military. Indonesia 4. The Alternative Report on ICERD submitted to UN Committee on ICERD 1 June 2007 by Indonesian Civil Society Movement included indigenous peoples. The report brought up the issue of racial discrimination, including the discrimination against in- digenous peoples suku Anak Dalam, Dayak, Papua by various laws and policies, and by government projects and private companies in and around indigenous territory. The report also touched on issues of racial discrimination against certain ethnic groups. Re- sponding to this report, the government opened up to linkages for discussion with civil society, including indigenous peoples’ organizations.

B. Actual Exercise of Human Rights

EXAMPLES OF ACTUAL EXERCISE OF HUMAN RIGHTS Indonesia 1. In the community of Ambon, Maluku, the military was behind the conflict be- tween two religious groups among the people. Community leaders used the adat, or the customary way of conflict resolution, which resulted in the withdrawal of the military. 2. Community protection of forests against private companies and protected areas is seen in the Lorelindu National Park in Indonesia. The indigenous women’s organi- zation is strong in the locality, and is able to protect the forest using customary forest management. A woman leader from Natatoro, organized under the village government, is renowned for her leadership in the struggle to protect their forests. Note: Adat has a long history in Indonesia as part of the legacy of Dutch colonial rule. In this sense, village government could be also called adat government. When the indigenous peoples’ movement grew stronger and succeeded in its lobby especially at the Module-8