Examples in the Asian setting:

RIGHTS AIPP AIPP Regional Capacity Building Program - Training Manual on the UNDRIP Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh, which forbids the entry into, and the acquisition of land, by any other than a “native” of the territory within that “inner line”.

2. Other medium-level examples within Asia are:

• peninsular India other than the Northeast, especially those where the 5th Schedule to the Constitution of India applies; and • Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh.

3. Examples from outside Asia:

• Greenland in northern Europe with the Greenland Home Rule Act • Kuna Yala in Panama.

V. CHALLENGES

A. Needs, Capaciies, Strategies

Needs, capacities and strategies will obvi- ously vary, from country to country, from one indigenous people to another, and from situa- tion to situation.

1. At the international and national levels

One common concern in the indigenous peoples’ relations with the state is their or- ganizational and lobbying weaknesses at the national and international levels. • At the international level, few indige- nous peoples have been able to promote their case in an efficient manner. Excep- tions, to an extent, are the Cree in Quebec, Canada, the Saami from Scandinavia and the Innuit from Greenland. There is no central secretariat for indigenous peoples at Geneva, New York and other interna- tional centers dealing with human rights issues. • Similar problems are faced on account of organizational, logistical and resource constraints at national levels. Few indigenous peoples have offices and representatives in national capi- 35 Certain cases showing the actual exercise of this right may involve armed struggle followed by some degree of political settlement or international recognition. This might be a sensitive topic, which the individual trainer must mention but carefully handle on a case-to-case basis, depending on the situation. Note to trainers This final section should be a participatory process of envisioning and identification for the particular context of the partici- pants. Discuss with the participants the three main points as listed below: • Needs, capacities, strategies • Implementation • Monitoring Split up the participants into workshop groups, and have them do poster presen- tations afterwards, in plenary. One possible poster you can ask the partic- ipants to work on is a mapping or charting of levels of governance in their respective countries or contexts which they should take into consideration in strategizing. Suggested Method Module-1 RIGHTS AIPP AIPP Regional Capacity Building Program - Training Manual on the UNDRIP 36 tals. Notable exceptions include AMAN in Jakarta, Indonesia, and the Assembly of First Na- tions in Ottawa, Canada. • In some cases, it is the capacities of states that may require strengthening to enable them to deal with indigenous peoples’ issues. Here, indigenous peoples have a role as well, for it is their rights that are violated if the states’ capacities in protecting their rights are weak. Reliable information and data on indigenous peoples and their situations are often unavail- able. Often, national census data is not ethnically disaggregated to reflect the actual social, educational and economic status of indigenous communities. National laws and policies, and consequently, national programs often do not account for the differing socio-economic context of indigenous communities, perpetuating the cycle of discrimination, exclusion and marginalization. Auditing of national laws and policies, and consequent legal, administra- tive and programmatic reforms would raise the capacities of states to deal in an equitable and just manner with indigenous peoples’ rights and development needs. 2. At the local sub-national levels Challenges regarding needs. At the local level, there may be serious gaps in the knowl- edge of indigenous communities regarding their rights and entitlements from local government bodies. Thus, one pressing need is to disseminate information about the indigenous peoples’ entitlements under local government laws or other laws and policies in culturally appropriate formats booklets, compendia, monographs, video, etc. Challenges regarding capacities. Capacity-raising of indigenous communities remains a major challenge in most parts of Asia. Module-1 Trainers should develop a good knowledge of the major self-gov- ernment issues that require focus at the national and local levels. Note to trainers 1. The trainers should discuss with the participants the current situation of capacity needs of the communities, their weaknesses and strengths, and the possible forms of training, organizational reforms, networking etc., that may be required to enhance the capacities of indigenous organizations. 2. The discussions on capacities should be at all levels: local, national, international. It is very common to find that most indigenous peoples’ organizations have little or no voice in their national capitals. Thus capacity-raising of indigenous peoples’ organi- zations at national levels could constitute an integral part of the trainings. 3. AMAN the national-level organization of the indigenous peoples of Indonesia can be cited for best practice for other indigenous peoples to follow tailored to their needs, of course. Note to trainers