Challenges regarding capacities: Challenges regarding strategies:

RIGHTS AIPP AIPP Regional Capacity Building Program - Training Manual on the UNDRIP

2. Implementation

In some cases, existing laws and policies may be sufficient. The major challenge here is enforcing the law. Lack of implementation and weak enforcement of laws is a main problem throughout the region Trainers should facilitate a discussion on the state of affairs with respect to the implementa- tion and enforcement of laws. What are the experiences at the local level? Why are laws not properly implemented? What can they do about it? What strategies can be developed to force governments to prop- erly implement the law?

3. Monitoring

Indigenous peoples need to continuously monitor the implementation or enforcement of existing laws, as well as the legal revisions and reforms which they are demanding from govern- ments. National judicial processes and human rights mechanisms, as well as international hu- man rights mechanisms, are possible venues for monitoring implementation of laws or legal reforms. This implies the need for strong national-level advocacy and lobby groups, e.g. national alli- ances of indigenous organizations, as well as the continuous presence of indigenous representa- tives in the various processes within the United Nations. FOR FURTHER READING Indigenous Affairs 307: Migration. SOURCES Buadaeng, Kwanchewan, “Urban Migration and Hill Tribe Youth in Chiang Mai, Thai- land,” Indigenous Affairs 3-405: Indigenous Youth. Cooper, Robert G. 1984. Resource Scarcity and the Hmong Response. NUS Press. International Organization for Migration. 2008. Indigenous Routes: A Framework for understanding Indigenous Migration. Lee, Gary Yia. n.d. Refugees from Laos: Historical background and causes. http:www. hmongnet.orghmong-aurefugee.htmintro1. “Thailand: Not so smiling to its indigenous hill tribes,” ACHR Review, July 13, 2005. Module-7 161 RIGHTS AIPP AIPP Regional Capacity Building Program - Training Manual on the UNDRIP 162