Examples from outside Asia:

RIGHTS AIPP AIPP Regional Capacity Building Program - Training Manual on the UNDRIP 36 tals. Notable exceptions include AMAN in Jakarta, Indonesia, and the Assembly of First Na- tions in Ottawa, Canada. • In some cases, it is the capacities of states that may require strengthening to enable them to deal with indigenous peoples’ issues. Here, indigenous peoples have a role as well, for it is their rights that are violated if the states’ capacities in protecting their rights are weak. Reliable information and data on indigenous peoples and their situations are often unavail- able. Often, national census data is not ethnically disaggregated to reflect the actual social, educational and economic status of indigenous communities. National laws and policies, and consequently, national programs often do not account for the differing socio-economic context of indigenous communities, perpetuating the cycle of discrimination, exclusion and marginalization. Auditing of national laws and policies, and consequent legal, administra- tive and programmatic reforms would raise the capacities of states to deal in an equitable and just manner with indigenous peoples’ rights and development needs. 2. At the local sub-national levels Challenges regarding needs. At the local level, there may be serious gaps in the knowl- edge of indigenous communities regarding their rights and entitlements from local government bodies. Thus, one pressing need is to disseminate information about the indigenous peoples’ entitlements under local government laws or other laws and policies in culturally appropriate formats booklets, compendia, monographs, video, etc. Challenges regarding capacities. Capacity-raising of indigenous communities remains a major challenge in most parts of Asia. Module-1 Trainers should develop a good knowledge of the major self-gov- ernment issues that require focus at the national and local levels. Note to trainers 1. The trainers should discuss with the participants the current situation of capacity needs of the communities, their weaknesses and strengths, and the possible forms of training, organizational reforms, networking etc., that may be required to enhance the capacities of indigenous organizations. 2. The discussions on capacities should be at all levels: local, national, international. It is very common to find that most indigenous peoples’ organizations have little or no voice in their national capitals. Thus capacity-raising of indigenous peoples’ organi- zations at national levels could constitute an integral part of the trainings. 3. AMAN the national-level organization of the indigenous peoples of Indonesia can be cited for best practice for other indigenous peoples to follow tailored to their needs, of course. Note to trainers