When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at
the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples:
a. I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.
b. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and
having a good time. c.
While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.
USE 4 Atmosphere in the Future
In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.
Example:
a. When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating.
Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking
beer. They always do the same thing.
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c.
Perfect Tenses 1
Present Perfect
The present perfect tense is that an action has been completed before the present time. This action has an effect on the
present situation, but it is not happening in the present.
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a Form
[hashave + past participle] Examples:
a. You have seen that movie many times.
b. Have you seen that movie many times?
c. You have not seen that movie many times.
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Patricia Wilcox Peterson, Changing Times Changing Tenses ... p. 48
b Usage
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
Figure 2.22 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You
CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in
Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times,
several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples:
a. I have seen that movie twenty times.
b. I think I have met him once before.
c. People have traveled to the Moon.
d. People have not traveled to Mars.
e. Have you read the book yet?
2 Past perfect
The past perfect tense has two uses. The first use is to show an action which was completed before a second time in the past. When a
past perfect tense is used in the same sentence with a past tense, the order of events is clear from the tenses themselves. The past perfect
action happened first. Chronological markers such as before and after are not necessary. The word when can be used to join such sentences.
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Patricia Wilcox Peterson, Changing Times Changing Tenses ... p. 105
a Form
[Had + past participle] Examples:
a. You had studied English before you moved to New York.
b. Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
c. You had not studied English before you moved to New Y
b Usage
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past
Figure 2.23 Completed Action Before Something in the Past
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before
a specific time in the past. Examples:
a. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
b. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several
times. c.
Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past Non-Continuous Verbs
Figure 2.24 Duration Before Something in the Past Non-Continuous Verbs
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the
past and continued up until another action in the past. Examples:
a. We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
b. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for
over eight years.
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3 Future Perfect
The future perfect tense can describe a state, an activity, or a period of time before a second action in the future. When it is used
with durative verbs, the lenght of time is clearly shown. The future perfect can also be used with punctual verbs.
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Future Perfect has two different forms: will have done and be going to have done. Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect
forms are usually interchangeable.
a Form
1. [Will have + past participle]
Examples: a.
You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
b. Will you have perfected your English by the time you come
back from the U.S.? c.
You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
2. [Amisare + going to have + past participle]
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Patricia Wilcox Peterson, Changing Times Changing Tenses.....p. 148
Examples: a.
You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
b. Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you
come back from the U.S.? c.
You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
d.
Perfect Continous Tense 1
Present Perfect Continous
The present perfect continous stresses the duration or repetition of an action that began in the past and continous to the
present.
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a Form
[Hashave + been + present participle] Examples:
a. You have been waiting here for two hours.
b. Have you been waiting here for two hours?
b Usage
USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now
Figure 2.25 Duration from the Past Until Now
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Darcy Jack, Interaction 1 Grammar 4th edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, inc.,2002 p. 275
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. For
five minutes, for two weeks, and since Tuesday are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous
Examples: a.
They have been talking for the last hour. b.
She has been working at that company for three years. c.
What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? d.
James has been teaching at the university since June. e.
We have been waiting here for over two hours
USE 2 Recently, Lately
Figure 2.26 Recently, Lately
You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as for two weeks. Without the
duration, the tense has a more general meaning of lately. We often use the words lately or recently to emphasize this
meaning. Examples:
a. Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
b. She has been watching too much television lately.
c. Have you been exercising lately?
d. Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
e. Lisa has not been practicing her English.
f. What have you been doing?
2 Past Perfect Continous
The past perfect continous emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past. This tense
also may express an activity in progress close in time to another activity or time in the past.
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a Form
[Had been + present participle]
Examples: a.
You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
b. Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she
finally arrived? c.
You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
b Usage
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past
Figure 2.27 Duration Before Something in the Past
We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past.
For five minutes and for two weeks are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is
related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the
past.
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Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar ... p. 47
Examples: a.
They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
b. She had been working at that company for three years when
it went out of business. c.
How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? d.
Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
e. James had been teaching at the university for more than a
year before he left for Asia.
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past
Figure 2.28 Cause of Something in the Past
Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.
Examples: a.
Jason was tired because he had been jogging. b.
Sam gained weight because he had been overeating. c.
Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
3 Future Perfect Continous
The future perfect continous emphasizes the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or even in the
future.
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Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: will have been doing and be going to have been doing. Unlike
Simple Future forms, Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
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Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar ... p. 62
a Form
1. [Will have been + present participle]
Examples: a.
You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
b. Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when
her plane finally arrives? c.
You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
2. [Amisare + going to have been + present participle]
Examples: a.
You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
b. Are you going to have been waiting for more than two
hours when her plane finally arrives? c.
You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives
b Usage
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Future
Figure 2.29 Duration Before Something in the Future We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that
something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. For five minutes, for two weeks, and since Friday are
all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect
Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference
point in the future.
Examples: a.
They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.
b. She is going to have been working at that company for
three years when it finally closes. c.
James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia.
d. How long will you have been studying when you graduate?
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future
Figure 2.30 Cause of Something in the Future
Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect.
Examples: a.
Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.
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C.
Writing
Writing is the most difficult skill among other language skills, because of that, to make a good writing, the students need hard thinking
and they have to have extent knowledge especially in writing to get a correct writing. Because when the students are writing something like a
diary, a novel, a short story, etc., they not only have to produce some words, sentences, and paragraphs at the same time. But also they have to
spell the words in right spelling and punctuate the sentences in suitable punctuation. Therefore, if the students want to be a good writer they have
to master all aspect about writing and need more practice.
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In this chapter, the writer will explain some theories that still relate to the topic. First, the writer explains the definition of writing itself.
Second, it is about the kinds of writing consisting of free writing, controlled writing, and guided writing. The last chapter, she discusses the
role of writing in learning language.
1. The Meaning of Writing
