c. Selection
Learners commit errors in pronunciation, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary, due to the selection of the wrong phoneme,
structure vocabulary item. For example: “My friend is oldest than
me”. Instead of: “My friend is older than me”.
d. Ordering
Misordering can occur in morphological level misordering of bound morpheme in English is perhaps less frequent, given their
limited number; but in the example “he is get upping now”, the learners attaches the inflection-ing to the two words verb
“get up”.
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4. Identifying and Analyzing the Errors
One of the common difficulties in understanding the linguistic system of both first and second language learners is the fact that such
system cannot be directly observed.
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Sridhar arranges the steps in error analysis as follow:
1. Collection of data either from a „free‟ composition by students on
s given theme or from examanation answers . 2.
Identification of errors 3.
Classification into error types e.g. errors of agreement, articles, verb forms, etc.
4. Statement of relative frequency of error types.
5. Identification of the areas of difficulty in the target language.
6. Therapy remedial drills, lesson, etc.
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11
Nsakala Lengo, What is an Error?English Teaching Forum ... pp. 22-24
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H. Douglas Brown, Principle of language learning and teaching ... pp. 207-208
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Jacek Fisiak, Contrastive Linguistics and Language Teacher: Contrastive Analysis, Error analysis. Pergamon Press Ltd, 1981, p.222
B. English Tense
1. The Meaning of Tense
Tense means time, however, it should be pointed out that time in relation to action is a concept that exist in the mind of the speaker,
reader, or listener. Tense, in actual usage, refers consistently only to grammatical forms. Often tense and time do not correspond at all.
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The word “Tense” derived ultimatelly from the Latin word “Tempus” meaning “Time”.
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Tense commonly refers to the time of the situation which relates to the situation of the utterance or at the
moment of speakin. For example, the commonest tense found in the languages are present, past and future; a situation described in the
present, past and future; a situation described in the present tense is related as simultaneous with the moment of speaking John is singing;
the situation described in the past as related prior to the moment of speaking Jhon was singing; while the situation described the future as
relates subsequent to the moment of speaking Jhon will sing since tense refers to the time of the situation which relates to the situation of
the utterance or to relate the content of the message to the speaker in items of the “Here and Now”, it can be described as “deictic”.
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In other word deictic refers to an interval or period of time which
contains the moment of utterance. It can be expressed by such word; yesterday, now, tomorrow.
Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time. Past, present, and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time.
Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about
14
George E.Wishon and julia M.Burks, Let’s Write English. American Book Company
Litton Educational Publishing, inc.1980, p. 192 Revised Edition
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Jhon Lyons, Linguistic semantic an Introduction, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 312
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www.helsinki Fi-mpalandemeaning_of_tense_and_aspect_html.
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