TAM words au-plinu wali-a

reduplicated and so have a sense of iterativity, they are often also modified by other aspectual markers or words which indicate durativity as well. 321 na-m-ko-koha 3s-STAT-RDP-pound ‘It is very crushed.’ 322 n-ker-kerna 3s-RDP-dry ‘It is really dry.’ 323 na-p-lo-lola 3s-STAT-RDP-straight ‘It is very true.’ 324 n-nar-nara 3s-RDP-wait ‘He waits and waits’ 325 au-la-la’a 1s-RDP-walk ‘I walk and walk’ 326 Yan mi-m-ta’ata e’ e-n-mor-mior mia’ta. do not 2p-STAT-afraid 3s DUR-3s-RDP-live yet. ‘Do not be afraid, he is still alive.’

3.6.4 TAM words

Not only do clitics indicate tense, aspect, mood on the verbs but also some verbs, time expressions, connectors, and adverbs have this function. Nhi’inde ‘usually’ indicates frequent or regular action and so could be considered a type of durativity. 327 Nhi’inde a-u-tu’utu wetra’a la watu nhi’inde a-u-tu’utu wetra’a la watu usually 1s-1s-pound corn with stone ‘Usually I pound corn with a stone.’ 328 Patke’a de nhi’inde n-mai female that usually 3s-come ‘That woman usually comes by.’ 329 Nhi’inde o-m-pa-trom-nana Henri Nhi’inde o-m-wa-troma-nana Henri usually 2s-2s-MULT-meet-ABIL Henri ‘Usually you meet Henri.’ Another way to indicate durativity or regular practice is through the reduplication of lera ‘day’. 330 Lera-lera muanke’a la’a lora to’owa pa pok i’ina lera-lera muanke’a la’a lora to’a-wa pa poka i’ina day-day male go sea only-PERF for spear fish ‘Every day the men go to sea to spear fish.’ 331 Lera-lera emkade day-day like that ‘Every day it was just like that.’ 332 Lera-lera pa r-la’-lora-r-la’-ra’a day-day to 3p-go-sea-3p-go-land ‘Every day they went fishing and came home.’ Another way to indicate usual or repeated action is by using the word nahei ‘play’ followed by a nominalized verb. Note the following: 333 Kete nmalanu pa na-hei yamota kete n-malanu pa na-hei ya-mota name 3s-pregnant for 3s-play NOM-throw-up ‘Kete is pregnant so she is always throwing up.’ 334 Seri sukni na-hei knyakru seri suka-ni na-hei ny-kakru name like-POS 3s-play NOM-cry ‘Seri is a cry baby.’ Tepartarlia literally ‘sunk into’ ‘in the process of’ or ‘engrossed in’ is a verb indicating durativity. It is discussed in more detail in §6.4.7. 335 Ir-wotelu tepar-tar-lia krita w-ni-a-hak-ni ir-wo-telu tepra-taru-la krita ni-wa-haka-ni three sink-DUR-to octopus NOM-MULT-search-POS ‘The three of them were engrossed in the process of octopus searching.’ 336 Tepar-tar-lia ya-la’a tepra-taru-la ya-la’a sink-DUR-to NOM-go ‘They were in the process of walking.’ Ululuulu ‘earlier’ indicates prior action. 337 Ululu pliaini upni lerni-tgarni lerni de ulu-ulu pliaini upa-ni-lera-ni-tgara-ni-lera-ni de RDP-before earlier grandparent-POS sun-POS-ancestor-POS sun-POS that ‘A long long time ago in the time of our ancestors.’ 338 Ululu la Lgona di patke’a tuwu lawna welli werta long ago in Luang this woman age big price heavy ‘Long ago in Luang a grown woman’s price was expensive.’ 339 Muanke’a di na-tian ulu patke’a de male this 3s-ask first female that ‘This man first asks that woman.’ Nwauga is a verb meaning ‘beginstart’. It is used to indicate inceptive action. 340 N-waug-a la Samuel ler-ni pa la’pa mak-taw-li’iru n-wau-a la Samuel lera-ni pa la’pa maka-tawu-li’iru 3s-begin-OBJ from Samuel time-POS to reach which-from-back ‘Beginning from Samuel’s time to reach to these later days.’ Nhi’pa ‘almost’ is used to indicate an action that is nearly complete. 341 Ra-’ara dewade Teti Lai nhi’pa n-rehi ar-wa 3p-war then Teti Lai almost won war-PERF ‘They went to war and Teti Lai had almost won the war already.’ 342 R-rora r-den-nek-la hande-wa pa nhi’pa lawan-wa r-rora r-del-neka-la hande-wa pa nhi’pa lawna-wa 3p-two 3p-stay-just-at there-PERF till almost big-PERF ‘The two of them stayed there till he was already almost an adult.’ Na’namana’nima is a connector which indicates action that has just recently occurred. It implies actions immediately following each other. 343 N-pona wehla pa na-p-lok-lokar na’nama la n-hi’ ud liola woru n-ona wehla pa na-p-lokra-lokra na’nama la n-hi’a udi lola woru 3s-sharpen machete till 3s-STAT-RDP-sharp just then went 3s-make banana trunk two ‘He sharpened his machete till it was sharp just then went to cut two banana trunks.’ 344 Ler di na’nama a-h-gi’a Wahyu tian-ni. ler di na’nama a-u-hi’a Wahyu tiana-ni day this just now 1s-1s-do Wahyu question-GEN ‘Just this day I did Wahyu’s questions.’ 345 Ke-ke’en maka na’nama ha-ra-yor-nian de ke’a-ke’a-ni maka na’nama ha-ra-yori-nana de RDP-little-GEN who just AN-3p-birth-ABIL that ‘That child which was just born.’ Ma’ta ‘still’ indicates a continuative state, process, or activity. 346 Papmu nor Mammu er ma’ta la Amerika? papa-mu n-ora mama-mu er ma’ta la America father-POS 3s-with mother-POS are still to America ‘Are your parents still in America?’ 347 Mi don miplar ma’ta? mi edonna mi-p-lara ma’ta 2s not 2p-STAT-hunger still ‘You are still not hungry?’ 348 Yan mi-m-ta’ata e-n-mor-mior mia’ta yana mi-m-ta’ata e-n-mori-mori ma’ta do not 2p-STAT-afraid DUR-3s-RDP-live yet ‘Do not be afraid, he is still living.’ Edon ma’ta ‘not yet’ indicates incompletive action. It indicates that a state has not been achieved or an action has not yet occurred. 349 Noka edon ra-’ar ma’ta de de honnona ra-wok-la Iltutnu-Ilgaini Then not 3p-war yet that that all 3s-gather-at Iltutnu-Ilgaini ‘When they had not begun the war yet, they all gathered at Iltutnu-Ilgaini.’ 350 Edonna l-la’a ma’ta leta ralam-ni de n-wa-trom-nana patke’a ida not 3s-go still village inside-POS that 3s-MULT-meet-ABIL female one ‘Before he had even gone into the village he met a woman.’ 351 Ami edon ma-mkek-nan ma’ta noha Apnu. We not 1pe-see-ABIL yet island Apnu ‘We had not yet been able to seeseen the island of Ambon.’ Owa’ana ‘again’ indicates repeated action. 352 Noka a-keni wa’ana niamni wa’ana am-ken pia harahu then 1s-put again seaweed again 1pe-put so a lot ‘Then we again put in seaweed, we put in a lot.’ 353 O-m-ukot neka emkade wa’ana a-u-mali 2s-2s-say just like that again 1s-1s-laugh ‘If you say like that again I will laugh.’ 354 Demade de n-a ’owan la wehla demade de n-ala owa’ana la wehla then that 3s-take again DO knife ‘Right then he picked up the knife again’ Oleka ‘already’ indicates perfective action. 355 Mere plollolli de ag-atu oleka But actually that 1s-know already ‘But actually I already knew.’ 356 A-g-atu h-gorta oleka a-na’n-u a-u-atu u-horta oleka a-nana-’u 1s-1s-know 1s-write already my-name-POS ‘I already know how to write my name.’ 357 Dewade n-weta-nana oleka kokoiwa then 3s-say-ABIL already riddle ‘Then he was already able to figure out the riddle.’ Nhorwua ‘finish’ indicates completive action. 358 Talla et-la pa iskol-li n-horu-wa rode is-at for school-POS 3s-finish-PERF ‘There is a way for schooling-POS to be finished.’ 359 Mere Lgona n-keran pa n-horu-wa but Luang 3s-dry till 3s-finish-PERF ‘But Luang was drying till completely dry.’ Onanwa is a word indicating definite finality or full completion. 360 Noka onanwa Then done ‘All doneover’ Matialo’onamde ‘probably’ indicates dubitive action. 361 Matialo’onamde Uplerlawna takenia n-tahan-nana. Perhapsprobably God not 3s-endure-ABIL ‘Perhaps God could not put up with them any more.’ Plollolli ‘actuallytruly’ indicates certainty. It emphasizes that the speaker is convinced of the truth of what it is saying. 362 Mere plollolli de Tre Upni but actually that Tre Upni ‘But actually it is Tre Upni.’ 363 Mere plollolli de yanulu nwawa Lay but actually that elder 3s-name Lay ‘But actually the oldest was named Lay.’ 364 Mere plollolli de ag-atu oleka But actually that 1s-know already ‘But actually I already knew.’ To’a ‘just’ can indicate exclusivity or restrictiveness. 365 A-niair to’a pola to’ora mot-mota ida a-u-nair to’a pola to’ora mota-mota ida 1s-1s-wear only pants cut RDP-green one ‘I only wore a green pair of cut-off pants.’ 366 Aulia umkek to’a noha-rai au-la’a u-mkeka to’a noha-rai 1s-go 1s-see just island-land ‘I’m just going to see that land.’ 367 A-isko’l-u pai-piair-ni de ma’m-u n-pair to’a a-iskola-’u pairi-pairi-ni de mama-’u n-pairi to’a my-school-POS RDP-pay-POS that mama-POS 3s-pay just ‘My school bill, my mother will just pay it.’ The clitic neka ‘just’ can indicate mitigativity. 368 O-m-ukot neka emkade wa’ana a-u-mali 2s-2s-say just like that again 1s-1s-laugh ‘If you just say just like that again I will laugh.’ 369 I-t-wateti-t-waneh neka 1pi-1pi-decide-1pi-agree just ‘Let us just resolve this.’ 370 R-wei-r-nar neka pa mahneka 3p-wait-3p-wait just for long ‘They just keeping waiting for a long time.’ 371 N-wate’i-n-wahapra neka a-la’r-u 3s-step-on 3s-step on just my-sail-POS ‘She just stepped on my sail.’ Emphatic clauses can be modified by both to’a and neka: 372 N-den ma-ma’a onnila na-hora petu to’ neka-w na na-’uhu-na-’apnu. 3s-stay RDP-ashamed because 3s-with bamboo only just-PERF INS-3p-breast-3p-stomach ‘She continued to be ashamed because as a result of just only a bamboo between her legs she was pregnant.’ Memna ‘very’ intensifies or indicates immediate action. 373 mu-kot-memna 2s-say-very ‘You say it now.’ 374 n-mati-miemna n-mati-memna 3s-dead-very ‘He instantly died’ 375 Mere na-hmen memna but 3s-not want very ‘But he really did not want to.’

3.7 Interjections