Compound verbs Sequences Questions

675 E’ ed-maka ka-lahar lira. he is-who REL-lie word ‘He is the one who lies.’ 676 Lir-ni-tun-nu maka ka-h-ni-orat-tar-lia watu-le’u word-POS-story-POS which REL-NOM-write-DUR-in rock-circle ‘The teachings which have been written on the writing stone.’ 677 N-nairi-a ri-mor-miori-a mak-mori-k-dar-lia tlin-te-tema-nam-pul-wulu n-nairi-a ri-mori-mori-a maka-mori-k-dari-la tlina-tema-tema-nama-wulu-wulu 3s-used-OBj people-RDP-live-a who-live-REL-life-in ear-RDP-full-tongue-RDP-hair ‘He used uncivilized people lit. people who live all ears and hairy tongue?.’ Sometimes relative clauses which are descriptive phrases drop their NP, and the relativizer functions as a relative pronoun. The relative pronoun maka may actually act as a proclitic on the verb. In such cases there is no need for a k- prefix. Just as the structure becomes more tightly bound, semantically the construction becomes more tightly bound. Note how the following examples become more semantically as well as phonologically bound together: muanke’a maka kare’a-ktaru ‘the man who was rich’ maka kre’a-ktaru ‘those who are rich’ makre’a-ktaru ‘the rich.’ riy maka kdella Lgona ‘people who live on Luang’ maka kdella Lgona ‘those living on Luang’ makdella Lgona ‘Luang people’ However, the semantic distinctions between the last two columns are not very great, and often are used interchangeably. 678 Yana m-lia’a mak-re’a-mak-targ-a hare yana mu-la’a maka-re’a-maka-taru-a hare do not 2s-go who-have-who-put-OBj they ‘Do not become one of those rich people.’ 679 Mere la’pa l-lernana maka ka-kleha-ka-plara de edonna r-nairi leli-maha mere la’pa n-lernana maka ka-kleha-ka-plara de edonna r-nairi leli-maha But if 3s-find who REL-lack-REL-hungry then do not 3p-wear ivory-gold ‘But when it comes to poor people, they do not wear jewelry.’ 680 N-ala arka la mak k-mehlima r-rora r-emnu 3s-give whiskey to who REL-marry 3p-two 3p-drink ‘They gave whiskey to the two newlyweds to drink.’ 681 R-hi’a mak-wohor-ulu-k-tatr-ulu la’a Wutmieha-Laimieha 3p-make REL-prophecy-before-REL-order-before concerning Wutmieha-Laimieha ‘They became prophets concerning Wutmieha-Laimieha.’ 682 L-lernana maka k-hur-miaha-k-tor-leli n-lernana maka k-huri-maha-k-tora-leli 3s-found who REL-pour-gold-REL-cut?-ivory ‘He found the jewelry maker.’

7.2.3 Compound verbs

When compound verbs occur as the relativized verb in the relative clause, a k- prefix is attached to both verbs of the compounds following maka, or maka may function as a clitic on the first verb of the compound, with the k-prefix occurring on the second verb see §7.2.1.1. However, when the emphasis is on both words within the compound verb, then the relative pronoun maka occurs as a proclitic on both verbs. 683 A-up-mamni-a’an-mamni maka k-mehlima-maka kmarya’a maka-u’uti-maka-klunu our-child-POS-our-child-POS who REL-marry-who REL-marry who-mat-who-mat ‘Our children who are marrying, who will share one mat one pillow.’

7.2.4 Sequences

Sequences of relative clauses occur in lists, in idioms, in complex descriptive phases or clauses used in ritual language. 684 Mak-la’awa Herna, mak-la’awa Papu’a, mak-la’awa noh-pa eti rai maka-la’awa Herna, maka-la’awa Papu’a, maka-la’awa noha pa eti rai REL go Seram, REL go PNG, REL-go island-land spread around. ‘Those that went to Seram, those that went to PNG, and those that went to the islands spread all over.’ 685 Emolmolla tewu maka-loha me udi maka-di’na like bamboo-which-spreads and banana which-fertile ‘Like bamboo and banana plants which are fertile and grow.’ 686 a Wirtawi we-werna maka k-okar la lyanti leaves RDP-wide which REL-grow toward sky ‘Wide leaves which grow toward the sky…’ b me mur la’a plalahwa maka k-wahipni la noha uwar-nu and roots go long which REL-spread into earth depth?-POS ‘and long roots which spread into the earth’s soil.’ 687 Mak-ohi O’a mak-ka-’ara O’a Mak-na-tenna O’a-Mak-na-ralma O’a who-create You who-make You who-3s-feel You-who-3s-go inside You ‘You are the one who creates and makes, who understands everything.’ 688 Maka k-mehlima maka k-marya’a maka-u’uti maka-klunu who REL-marry who REL-marry who-mat who pillow ‘Our children who are marrying, who will share one mat one pillow.’

7.2.5 Questions

In Luang relative clauses can be clefted. 689 He’ mak ala a’al-tawi nu’nu warat di-na? who REL give enau-leaves banyan west this-QU? ‘Who gave this made of enau and banyan leaves?’ 690 Ke-ke’en maka na’nam ha-ra-yor-nande et-la me? RDP-child who just AN-3p-DUR is-at where? ‘Where is the child which has just been born?’

7.3 Clause linking