Preference Organization Literature Review 1. Pragmatics

disagreement usually happens when the speakers are in a good relationship . The dispreferred response showed above is sometimes classified as a preferred answer when the second speaker disagrees with what he or she said in the first pair part of the conversation . 2 InvitationOffer-Refusal Invitation leads to either an acceptance or refusal . In dispreferred response, the second speaker states his or her refusal on the invitation or offer . Mey 2001: 145 states that invitation will set an expectation of acceptance . Thus, the refusal of the invitation is considered as the dispreferred response . [6] Sara: Bill you want some? Bill: No, The refusal in the example above is categorized as a dispreferred response . Even though Mey 2001: 151 states that a dispreferred response is more complex than preferred response, the simple refusal of no can be the clear way to show that the second speaker is not interested in the invitation or offer . Yule 1996: 81 says in his book Pragmatics that the expression of a refusal can be accomplished without saying no directly . The second speaker can also use the token of acceptance and an account to give more appreciation to the invitation before refusing it . This is shown in the example below . [7] Becky: Come over for some coffee Wally: oh—eh—I’d love to—but you see—I—I’m supposed to get this finished—you know The second speaker shows that the dispreferred response can be done by using the token of acceptance . This strategy is used to make the response sounds more polite and it is used to not directly state that the second speaker refuses the offer of drinking the coffee together with the second speaker . 3 Request-Refusal According to Levinson via Jalilifar and Dinarvand 2013: 20, a refusal is a negative response to an offer, request, invitation, and suggestion . As request is done to convey the meaning of the first speaker to get through the second speaker, the refusal is not preferred or it is being avoided by the first speaker . [8] Caller : Um, I wonder if there’s any chance of seeing you tomorrow sometime 0 . 5 morning or before the seminar Recipient : Ah um . I doubt it Caller : Uhm huh Recipient : The reason is I’m seeing Elizabeth In the example above, the request is refused after a second and followed by an account of rejecting . The recipient gives the reason that he is seeing Elizabeth to complete the refusal of the request made by the caller . This shows that refusal responds negatively to what has been requested by the first speaker .