Review of Related Studies

3. Theory of Characterization

In order to be able to analyze characters in the novel, it is necessary to know characterization, which explains about how the characters are presented by the author in the story. In Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students, Murphy 1972 states that there are nine ways to understand how the characters presented by the author in the story. They are: 1 Personal description The author can describe a person‟s appearance or clothing. The author can describe clearly using his skillful voice about what the characters look like and he can also tell the readers about the characters in details pp. 161-162. 2 Characters as seen by another The author can describe a character through the opinions, attitudes, views and comments of other characters instead of describing a character by himself. The readers will catch a reflected image of the characters the author means p.162. 3 Speech The author can explain a character through the way she or he speaks and the language she or he uses in a conversation with another, whenever she or he puts forward an opinion, so readers will get an insight into the characteristics pp.164- 166. 4 Past life Using the past life the author can present a clue to events that help to shape characteristics by giving the readers the character‟s past life. This is reasonably helpful to analyze the motives that a character has when he has a particular characteristic or does something extraordinary p.166. 5 Conversation of others The author can provide an explanation about a character through the conversation of other characters and what they say about him or her. Through this, the readers will learn that what others say about the character may reveal what kind of character he or she is pp.167-168. 6 Reactions The author can describe the characteristics by displaying the way a character‟s responses or reactions to various situations and events in a story. The reaction may give a clue to what characteristics a character owns pp.168-170.