b. Theory of Motivation
In real life, human beings must have a motivation to make life purposeful and interesting. To make the story of a novel interesting, the characters in it should also
have a motivation. Without any motivation, the characters will not become „alive‟
and the story will be boring. On the contrary, if there are various motivations possessed by different characters, different perceptions, actions, and conflicts will
come up throughout the story, and they will bring interests to the readers when reading the story.
According to Huffman and Vernoy 2000, motivation is elements within an individual which consist of needs, desires, and interests to encourage behavior toward
a goal, which emerges emotion as the „feeling‟ response para.1. It means that without possessing interests, needs, and desires, people will not have motivation to
act. If people do not have motivation to act, they will not have any achievement or satisfaction in their life.
Another theory of motivation comes from Adair 2006. He states that people will have motivation when they want to do something. Motivation embodies the
reasons which encourage people to act either positively or negatively p.89. From his statement, the writer can understand that motivation is the foundation for people to do
positive or negative actions. According to Ryan and Deci 2000, there are two types motivation: intrinsic
and extrinsic.
1 Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation is the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions rather than for some separable consequence. If a person is intrinsically motivated, he or
she will be encouraged to act for fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external prods, pressures, or rewards p.56.
2 Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is a construct that pertains whenever an activity is done in order to attain some separable outcome p.60.
From those two definitions, it can be concluded that instrinsic motivation is an internal desire of an individual to act because it gives pleasure or satisfaction within
himself or herself. On the other hand, external motivation is the one that comes from external factors which encourage an individual to do particular actions.
c. Theory of Needs
In Goble‟s The Third Force 1971, Abraham H. Maslow states that human motivations are in relation with human needs. According to him, human beings are
motivated to do activities because of the urge of needs. Therefore, he creates a hierarchy which consists of seven needs. They are; physiological needs, safety needs,
love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs, the desire to know and understand, and aesthetic needs pp. 38-44.
1 Physiological Needs
Physiological needs become the first stage of the hierarchy as it contains the physical needs of human beings to survive in this world, such as food, sleep, and
oxygen. For example, a person who is lacking of food will seek food first before they fulfill other needs p.38.
2 Safety Needs
When the physiological needs are sufficiently satisfied, the safety needs emerge. Every human being living in this world needs to feel secure, safe and out of
danger. They surely always attempt to avoid dangerous things, especially when it comes to physical violence p.40.
3 The Belongingness and Love Needs
When the psychological and safety needs are met, needs for love and affection, and belongingness emerge. According to Maslow, love is a healthy, affectionate
relationship between two people which include mutual trust. Love requires the act of giving and receiving the love itself, from someone to love and from
someone who love. pp.40-41.
4 Esteem Needs
Maslow divides esteem needs into two categories. They are self-esteem and self- respects from other people.
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