7 Direct comment
The author can give the readers a way to imagine the characteristics of the character when he or she gives comments and descriptions on it directly. By
recognizing it, the readers will know what the author precisely wants to reveal pp.1970-1971.
8 Thoughts
The author can give the readers a direct knowledge of what a certain person and what different person is thinking about pp.171-172.
9 Mannerism
A person‟s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies can also be characterized by the author to tell the readers something about the character‟s characteristics both in
negative and positive ones p.173. Based on the theory explained above, the writer can see how Leo Tolstoy presents the
main character analyzed in this study through character as seen by another, speech, thought, and reactions.
4. Theory of Psychology
In The Psychology of Human Behavior, Kalish 1973 defines psychology as “the science that attempts to understand, describe, predict, and influence behavior—
particularly human behavior.” p.4. Huffman and Vernoy 2000 also promotes psychology as a scientific study of behavior and mental processes which describe the
reasons human and animal do, feel, and think para.2.
From those two definitions, it can be concluded that psychology studies someone‟s behavior, which is developed from time to time, to find out the motivation
underlying the behavior itself. By understanding psychology in literature, a person can observe the behavior of life-like characters, and try to find out the motivations
behind their thought, feeling, and actions written in the story.
a. Theory of Psychological Approach
Rohrberger and Woods 1971 states that literature is an aesthetic work which contains values and beauty. In order to grasp the values and the beauty attached in
literary works, a person should use a critical approach to literature. It shows the person the ways to read, to give reasonable and logical judge, and to understand what
literature is. By using a critical approach, a person will know how a literary work is created, what the purpose of the work is, and what messages or lessons are conveyed
in it. p.3 In this study, the critical approcah used by the writer is psychological
approach. According to Kennedy and Gioia 2005, psychological approach focuses on analyzing the character‟s motivations or behaviors in the work. Psychological
criticism believes that literature is the representative of human life in reality. In addition, Peter Barry 2009 states that a psychological approach focuses
on unconscious motives and feelings which come from the author or the characters depicted in the work. p.100. From those two definitions, it can be concluded that
psychological approach is used to find out the motivations of characters in performing particular behaviours and expressing certain feelings in the story.
b. Theory of Motivation
In real life, human beings must have a motivation to make life purposeful and interesting. To make the story of a novel interesting, the characters in it should also
have a motivation. Without any motivation, the characters will not become „alive‟
and the story will be boring. On the contrary, if there are various motivations possessed by different characters, different perceptions, actions, and conflicts will
come up throughout the story, and they will bring interests to the readers when reading the story.
According to Huffman and Vernoy 2000, motivation is elements within an individual which consist of needs, desires, and interests to encourage behavior toward
a goal, which emerges emotion as the „feeling‟ response para.1. It means that without possessing interests, needs, and desires, people will not have motivation to
act. If people do not have motivation to act, they will not have any achievement or satisfaction in their life.
Another theory of motivation comes from Adair 2006. He states that people will have motivation when they want to do something. Motivation embodies the
reasons which encourage people to act either positively or negatively p.89. From his statement, the writer can understand that motivation is the foundation for people to do
positive or negative actions. According to Ryan and Deci 2000, there are two types motivation: intrinsic
and extrinsic.
