Definition of Terms INTRODUCTION

2. Theory of Character

Character is one of the main elements needed in a novel. Without the existence of characters, the story will not be meaningful and interesting. Characters make the story alive. They help the readers to imagine and feel the atmosphere of the story through actions and dialogues. Abrams 1999 defines characters as: “The persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it —the dialogue—and from what they do—the action.” p.33. Abrams believes that dialogues and actions which are presented by each character in the story help the readers to find out the motives and the values lay behind what they say and do. In addition, Rohrberger and Woods 1971 states that “Characters have particular personalities and physical atrributes that distinguish th em from other characters.” p.20. From their point of view, it can be concluded that characters in the story, the same as human beings in real life, have their own unique personality and appearance, which make them different from one another. Koesnosoebroto 1988 differentiates two types of characters. They are: major and minor characters. Major characters are those who become the center of the story. They always emerge from the beginning to the ending of the story. The heart of the story is emphasized from their life experiences. On the other hand, minor characters only appear in certain parts of the story. Their roles are less important than the major ones p.23. Forster 1974 also distinguishes characters into two types, flat and round characters. Flat characters are those who being undeveloped in the story. They only show up in some particular scenes to support the role of main characters. They are rarely able to give astonishment to the readers. On the contrary, round characters are the dynamic and progressive ones. They always show changes from scene to scene. The readers usually find it easier to mention the personalities and appearances of the round characters. It is because round characters have more complex behaviors than the flat ones p.46. In Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, Perrine 1974 distinguishes the character into two types, namely: static character and dynamic character. 1 Static character Static character does not undergo a change. This kind of character will have the same characteristics from the beginning to the end of the story p.71. 2 Dynamic character Dynamic character is a developing character. This kind of character will change in certain conditions and can be developed under some possibilities. Dynamic character undergoes a permanent change in some aspects of his or her character, personality or outlook. The changes may be in a large or small portion, and may be better or worse, which are important or basis p.71. Based on the theory of character above, the writer can identify which types of character are suitable with Anna Karenin.

3. Theory of Characterization

In order to be able to analyze characters in the novel, it is necessary to know characterization, which explains about how the characters are presented by the author in the story. In Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students, Murphy 1972 states that there are nine ways to understand how the characters presented by the author in the story. They are: 1 Personal description The author can describe a person‟s appearance or clothing. The author can describe clearly using his skillful voice about what the characters look like and he can also tell the readers about the characters in details pp. 161-162. 2 Characters as seen by another The author can describe a character through the opinions, attitudes, views and comments of other characters instead of describing a character by himself. The readers will catch a reflected image of the characters the author means p.162. 3 Speech The author can explain a character through the way she or he speaks and the language she or he uses in a conversation with another, whenever she or he puts forward an opinion, so readers will get an insight into the characteristics pp.164- 166.