8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is going to discuss about three points; those are review of related theories, theoretical framework, and context of the novel. The first is the
review related theories which are applied in the study are presented. This part is divided into four parts; they are the theory of critical approach, theory of
literature, theory of character and characterization, including juxtaposition, and the theory of psychology, including theory of motivation. The second part is the
framework of this study that is used to give a boundary in identifying the study. The last part is the context of the novel that will talk about some information
about the socio political situation of the setting in this story.
A. Review of Related Theories
To answer the questions stated in problem formulation, it is necessary to include some theories, which later will be connected to find the appropriate
answers to problem stated in the previous chapter. Those theories used are follows:
1. Theory of Critical Approach
An understanding of what a piece of prose fiction communicates and how it achieves that communication is vital to a critical approach Rohrberger and
Woods 1971: 19. In order to understand about the meaning of Phoebe’s life in The Memory Keeper’s Daughter
, we need some approaches to analyze it.
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9 Rohrberger and Woods in their book entitled Reading and Writing about
Literature 1971: 6-15, provide five approaches as means of observing a novel
critically. These approaches are to provide the means to understand the positive aesthetic value of literary work.
The first is The Formalist Approach. This approach is to apprehend the totality of the literary object itself and esthetic meanings. The formalist critic
examines the literary pieces without reference to facts of the author’s life, without reference to the genre or in literary history, and without reference to its social
milieu. The second is The Biographical Approach. This approach asserts the
necessity for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of the literary object. This approach attempts to learn as much as
about the life and development of the author. The third is Socio cultural - Historical Approach. This approach insists
that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilizations that produces it and define civilization as the attitudes and action of a specific group of
people and point out that literature takes these attitudes and actions as its subject matter.
The fourth is The Mythopoeic Approach. This approach is seek to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought which they believe find
expression in significant works of art. The universally recurrent that is assert are those that found first expression in ancient myths and folk rites and human
thought.
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10 The fifth is The Psychological Approach. This approach involves the effort
to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns and draws on a different body of knowledge. The psychological approach examine about human motivation,
personality, and behavior pattern written in literary works. To conduct this study, I used the psychological approach based on the
theory of psychology. Psychological approach analyzes the character in the novel deeper psychologically so that this study is conducted through psychology point
of view. The analysis of this study tries to find the answer of the questions, such as, why the character that is depicted in this novel has such kind of personality
and how the one’s character is reflected in other’s character. The result of those questions will be the result of this study.
2. Theory of the Relation between Psychology and Literature
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