17 The third element is superego that is the storehouse of an individual’s
values, including moral attitudes learned from society. It is used to represent the moral and ideal aspects of personality that is guided by the moralistic and
idealistic principle. The superego has two subsystem, those are conscience and ego-ideal. Conscience develops from improper behavior and ego-ideal develops
from proper behavior. Therefore, superego and id often have conflict because the superego insists on doing what is right and the id wants to do what feels good.
b. Theory of Motivation
Abraham Maslow in Jess and Gregory Feist in Theories of Personality: 6
th
edition 2006: 277 has assumption about motivation. The first assumption is
holistic approach to motivation that is the whole person is motivated. The second is motivation is usually complex, which is a person’s behavior may spring from
several separate motives. And the third is people are continually motivated by one need or another.
Maslow proposed that human desires motives are innate and that they are arranged in an ascending hierarchy of priority or potency. The hierarchy of needs
is used to explain how those needs may motivate us. Jess and Gregory Feist says that Maslow’s hierarchy needs concept assumes that lower level needs must be
satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators 278.
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18 Maslow’s hierarchy needs concept is listed as follows:
1 Psychological Needs
The most basic needs of any person are psychological needs, including food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temperature, and so on. Maslow said
that psychological needs differ from other needs in at least two important respects. The first, they are only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly
satisfied. The second characteristic peculiar to psychological needs is their recurring the nature.
2 Safety Needs
When people have partially satisfied their psychological needs, they become motivated by safety needs, including physical security, stability,
dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety, danger, chaos, and natural disaster. Safety needs
cannot be overly satisfied. Most of adults satisfy their safety needs most of the time so that make these needs relatively unimportant 279.
3 Love and Belongingness Needs
People become motivated by love and belongingness needs, such as the desire for friendship; the wish for a mate and children; the need to belong to a
family, a club, or a nation. Love and belongingness includes some aspects of sex and human contact as well as the need to both give and receive love, for example
children need love in order to grow psychologically. They usually straightforward and direct effort in order to satisfy these needs 280.
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19 4
Esteem Needs To extent that people satisfy their love and belongingness needs, they are
free to pursue esteem needs, which include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem. According to Maslow,
there are two levels of esteem needs that are reputation and self-esteem. Reputation is the perception of the prestige, recognition of others toward us while
self-esteem is feeling of worth and confidence 281. 5
Self-actualization Needs Esteem needs do not always move to the level of self-actualization. Self
actualization needs include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word. Self-actualization is
not dependent on the satisfaction of either love or esteem needs 282.
B. Theoretical Framework
This study is going to analyze the meaning of Phoebe’s life. In order to answer the problem formulation of this study, some theories which are used are
theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, and theory of motivation.
The first problem is the understanding about the writer depicted the main character in the novel. In order to solve the problem, I use the theories of character
and characterization suggested by Rohrberger and Murphy since someone’s character is a part of personality. The theories lead the writer to see the character
not only from what is written, but also from the psychology. The character can
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