15
c. Juxtaposition
Juxtaposition is a literary device that is used as an important tool in literature to bring a dramatic effect to certain situations and thereby make more of
a mark for the work of art in its entirety Borkar, 2011. Borkar in http:www.buzzle.comarticlesjuxtaposition-in-literature.html stated that
juxtaposition is the placement of two concepts, characters, things, events, ideas, phrases, settings or words side by side in order to draw a contrast, create suspense,
bring about a rhetorical effect, compare, or as a tool for character development. While Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary eleven edition indicated that
juxtaposition is people or things next to each other or very close together, especially to show a contrast. Juxtaposition is a theory of contrast or comparison
Rusnak, 2010.
4. Theory of Psychology
a. Theory of Personality
Through the centuries, personality has been regarded as a practical force in determining success or failure in life Hurlock, 1974:1. According to Elizabeth
Hurlock there are some traditional beliefs about personality are myriad; those are the belief that personality is inherited is expressed in the saying, certain
personality traits automatically accompany certain physical traits, and personality changes automatically accompany body changes.
Elizabeth Hurlock 1974:2 stated that personality is a mysterious aspect of the person that determines how he reacts to other people and how they react to
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16 him. While Hoyer and Roodin in Adult Development and Aging 2003: 378 stated
that personality refers to a person’s distinctive patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotion.
Sigmund Freud in Gerrig and Philip in Psychology and life: 8th edition 2008: 428 stated that personality differences arise from the different ways in
which people deal with their fundamental drives. To explain these differences, Sigmund Freud divided the structure of personality into three elements; those are
the id, the ego, and the super ego.
The id is the storehouse of the fundamental drives. It operates irrationally, acting on impulse and pushing an expression and immediate gratification without
considering whether what is desired is realistically possible, socially desirable, or morally acceptable. According to Freud in Jess and Gregory Feist in Theories of
Personality: 6
th
edition 2006: 27, id is the core of personality and completely
unconscious. The id has no contact with reality, it is only satisfying basic desires because the function is to seek pleasure. Because the id seeks to satisfy the
pleasure, it can be known from the ego because it brings a direct relation with the external world.
The ego is representing an individual’s personal view of physical and social reality-his or her conscious beliefs about the cause and consequences of
behavior. The ego has a direct relation with the external world and it based on the reality happens, which puts reasonably choice before reasonable demands. At
times the ego can control the powerful, pleasure-seeking id, but sometimes it also loses control because the ego is an activity that is gain pleasure and avoids pain.
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17 The third element is superego that is the storehouse of an individual’s
values, including moral attitudes learned from society. It is used to represent the moral and ideal aspects of personality that is guided by the moralistic and
idealistic principle. The superego has two subsystem, those are conscience and ego-ideal. Conscience develops from improper behavior and ego-ideal develops
from proper behavior. Therefore, superego and id often have conflict because the superego insists on doing what is right and the id wants to do what feels good.
b. Theory of Motivation
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