Englis h Learning and Teaching Process

9

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher describes some theories which are related to the research. This chapter is divided into two parts, namely the theoretical description and the theoretical framework. The theoretical description covers the theories which are related to the implementation of the jigsaw technique. It includes theories of English learning and teaching process, theories of adolescent, theories of students‟ participation, theories of cooperative learning method, andtheories of jigsaw. In the theoretical framework, the researcher summarizes all major relevant theories to solve the research questions.

A. Theoretical Description

In this theoretical description, the researcher discusses the theories related to the research.

1. Englis h Learning and Teaching Process

In this globalization era, English is important to be learnt. However, learning English as a foreign language is not easy without any practices. Brown 1987 states “how to learn a foreign language without really trying” p. 1. It means that if learners want to master English, they must do a lot of practice. They must practice listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In Indonesia, the students are obligated to learn English by the government. Therefore, in the teaching and learning English, both the students 10 and the teacher should try to use and deliver the language appropriately. In addition, the students need motivation to learn English, especially for Junior High School students. According to B rown 1987, “Motivation is commonly thought of as an inner drive, impulse, emotion, or desire that moves one to a particular action” p. 114. It means that motivation is one of factors which influence people to do something. When the students are motivated to learn English, they will participate to follow the English learning process in the classroom. Brown 1987 explains that teaching cannot be defined apart from learning. Teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn, and setting the conditions for learning p. 7. Furthermore, Brown 1987 defines that teaching as “showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instructions, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, and causing to know or understand.” p.4. Brown 1987 also describes that learning is acquiring o r getting knowledge of a subject or a skill by study, experience, or instruction p. 6. In teaching English, the teacher can be a facilitator of the students to practice the language. Finocchiaro 1958 states “the teacher is the most important single el ement in any teaching situation” p. 10. There are no good or bad methods; there are only good or bad teachers. It means that teacher‟s skill is important in the teaching process. Teaching and learning English also deals with communicative aspect. Savign on 1983 notes “communicative competence is relative, not absolute, and 11 depends on the cooperation of all the participants involved” p. 9. It means that the cooperativeness of each participant in classroom is needed. Both of a teacher and students should contribute their participation to succeed in the teaching and learning English. In short, participation in the teaching and learning English process gives advantages to the teacher and the students. The teacher can handle the class and makes the students are active to follow the English learning process. Therefore, the purpose of learning English can be achieved.

2. Teaching Adolescent