16 time on-
task by engaging students‟ attention and by increasing their motivation to master academic materials” p. 64.
Furthermore, Slavin 1995 notes that teammatesare resources “if students
want to succeed as a team, they will encourage their teammates to excel and will help them to do so” p. 12. The students can comprehend the materials by the
other students‟ explanation in the group discussion. Therefore, each student has an important role to succeed the teamwork in learning the materials deeply.
In addition, Aronson and Patnnoe 1997 elaborate the difference of traditional classroom and cooperative classroom below:
The students in a traditional classroom are often rewarded when they succeed in attracting the teacher‟s attention by outshining their
competitors. In the cooperative classroom, the students achieve success as a consequence of paying attention to their peers, asking good questions,
helping each other, teaching each other, and helping each other teach p. 8.
b. Basic Ele ments
Cooperative learning are developed and researched by David and Roger Johnson and their colleagues at University of Minnesota. As they cited in Slavin
1995: 129, emphases four elements in the cooperative learning: 1 Face-to-face interaction: Students work in four-to- five- member groups.
2 Positive interdependence: Students work together to achieve a group goal.
3 Individual accountability: Students must show that they have
individually mastered the material. 4 Interpersonal and small- group skills: Students must be taught effective
means of working together and of discussing how well their groups are working to achieve their goals.
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c. Principal Characteristics
Slavin 1995: 12 mentions that cooperative learning method isdivided into six principal characteristics. They are 1 Group Goals, 2 Individual
Accountability, 3 Equal Opportunities for Success 4, Team Competition, 5 Task Specialization, 6 Adaptation to Individual Needs.
d. Types
There are six techniques in cooperative learning method 1 Student Team Learning, 2 Student Teams-Achievement Divisions STAD, 3 Teams-Games-
Tournaments TGT, 4 Jigsaw, 5 Team Accelerated Instruction TAI, 6 Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition CIRC. Slavin 1995 states
“these six methods are now being used extensively in every conceivable subject, at grade levels from kindergarten through college, and in all kinds of schools
throughout the world” p. 4.
e. Benefit
Cooperative learning has several benefits to the learners. According to Slavin 1995, “The use of cooperative learning is to increase students‟
achievement, as well as such other outcomes as improved intergroup relations, acceptance of academically handicapped classmates, and increased self-
esteem” p. 2. The students communicate with others to deliver their information. When
the students shared their ideas, their self- esteem will increase. It is because they feel appreciatedby others. Besides, the students will work with heterogeneous
students in the group. They might come from different level knowledge or
18 background. Therefore, it will improve the students‟ communicationwith others
and the students can complete the information one another.
5. Jigsaw
