2. Quantitative data analysis
Data would be analyzed using quantitative data analysis where the data would be presented in the form of tables and mean scores.
F. Validity and Reliability
1. Validity
Below are the validity of the action research according to Anderson in Burns 1999:161-162.
a. Process validity
It exists when the study is conducted in a dependable and competent manner and effort is made to not simply praise existing practices.
b. Democratic validity
Whether the multiple perspectives of all of the participants in the study have been accurately represented.
c. Outcome validity
It exists when actions emerging from the results of the study help address the original problem.
d. Catalytic validity
It exists when the participants of the study moved to action based on their changed understanding that came from participation in the
study and do the results of the study act as a catalyst for action. e.
Dialogic validity It requires application of a peer review process.
2. Reliability
Burns 1999 states that triangulation is a way of arguing that if different methods of investigation produce the same result then the data are likely to
be valid. There are four types of triangulation proposed by Burns 2010 namely, time triangulation, space triangulation, investigator triangulation,
and theory triangulation. The researcher used three types of triangulation: a.
Time triangulation Data were collected at different points of time. The researcher did the
interview and tests before and after the action. b.
Investigator triangulation Data were collected by more than one researcher. The researcher was
helped by the collaborator and teacher in collecting the data. c.
Theoretical triangulation Data are analyzed from more than one theoretical perspective.
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discusses the process of the research that consists of the reconnaissance step, planning, action, observation, and reflection. The
research was conducted in two cycles. There are three meetings in each cycle. The result of the research is also presented in this chapter.
A. Reconnaissance
In this stage, the researcher collected preliminary data in conducting the research. In collecting the data, the researcher used some
ways such as interviews, observation, and tests. Data collection techniques were used by the researcher to find problems in writing.
First, the researcher did the teaching and learning observation in the class. In the observation, the researcher found some problems in
writing. Then, the researcher continued the step by conducting an interview to the English teacher and students related to the teaching and
learning process of writing and some problems in writing. To gather more detail information about the problems in writing, the researcher did a pre-
test. By conducting the pre-test, the researcher found more information about the students’ writing ability.
After gathering information, the researcher identified the problems and made a selection of the problems. The selected problems were used by
