The Techniques of Collecting Data

1. Qualitative data analysis According to Burns 2010:104, there are five steps in analyzing qualitative data: a. Assembling Data In this stage, the researcher assembled the data from various data instruments such as interviews, observation, and tests. The researcher looked closely to the data and then compared and contrasted the data to see what fits together. b. Coding the data The broad data that were collected before was arranged into more manageable categories or specific patterns. c. Comparing the data After the coding of the data finished, the data were compared to see whether they match for each other. For example, the researcher compared the data from the interview and observation. d. Building meanings and interpretations This is the stage when the researcher thought deeply about the meaning of the data by reflecting beyond the immediate surface details, then the researcher made interpretation of the meanings of the data. e. Reporting the outcomes The final stage of data analysis involved reporting the result of the research to others. The researcher selected a way to report the result. 2. Quantitative data analysis Data would be analyzed using quantitative data analysis where the data would be presented in the form of tables and mean scores.

F. Validity and Reliability

1. Validity Below are the validity of the action research according to Anderson in Burns 1999:161-162. a. Process validity It exists when the study is conducted in a dependable and competent manner and effort is made to not simply praise existing practices. b. Democratic validity Whether the multiple perspectives of all of the participants in the study have been accurately represented. c. Outcome validity It exists when actions emerging from the results of the study help address the original problem. d. Catalytic validity It exists when the participants of the study moved to action based on their changed understanding that came from participation in the study and do the results of the study act as a catalyst for action. e. Dialogic validity It requires application of a peer review process.