Theoretical Framework LITERATURE REVIEW
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need analysis, planning, development of preliminary form of product, preliminary field testing, main product revision, main field testing, operational product
revision, operational field testing, final product revision, and dissemination and implementation Borg Gall, 1983, p.775.
Table 3.1 Borg Gall Steps Scheme Borg Gall, 1983, p.775
However, due to the limitation of time and capacity, the researcher was limited the development into five steps to ease the process of designing the product. Those
steps were chosen because it covers the main steps of the development process. In addition, the researcher also adapted the process based on the needs of
development. Need analysis
Planning
Development of Preliminary
Form of Product
Preliminary Field Testing
Main Product Revision
Main Field Testing
Operational Product
Revision Operational
Field Testing
Final Product Revision
Dissemination and Implementation
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Table 3.2 Research Scheme Modified from Borg Gall, 1983, p.775
This table explained the procedure of development based on RD by Borg and Gall. The researcher decided to apply those five steps and its development
process. Those five steps were explained in the following paragraphs. 1.
Research and Information Collecting The first step is research and information collecting. This step aims to
gather useful information in order to prepare the developed educational product. Therefore, the researcher found
out students’ need toward the supplementary listening materials in this step. The researcher collected the data through the
Research and Information
Collecting Interview, Classroom
Observation, and Literature Review
Planning
Developing Preliminary Listening Material using
Gamification
Preliminary Field Testing
Main Product Revision Design
Implementation
Expert Validation and User Validation
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syllabus and the lecturers of the Intermediate Listening course. The information gathering was done by conducting interview to the lecturers of the Intermediate
Listening and also classroom observation. In this step, the researcher interviewed two lecturers of the Intermediate Listening Class and observed two classes of the
Intermediate Listening Class. Those data were used to help the researcher to develop an appropriate supplementary listening material. In addition, the
researcher also collected the underlying theories to support the study. The underlying theories collected from the Internet, journals, and theses.
2. Planning
The second step is planning which included defining skills, stating objectives, determining course sequence, and small scale feasibility testing. Those
steps were used to construct the framework of the designed materials. In this step, the researcher used the result of research and information collecting as the basis
for defining skills, stating objectives, determining course sequence, and small scale feasibility testing. Thus, the designed materials are appropriate for the
students’ need.
3. Development of Preliminary Form of Product
After completing the planning step, the next step is developing a preliminary form of the educational product. The educational product intended to
be field tested. In this step, the researcher tried to select appropriate learning activities for each topic based on the syllabus. Then, the selected learning
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activities were converted into gamified learning activities since this study using gamification to design supplementary listening materials. Therefore, the designed
materials also employed the elements of gamification which applied in online gamification platforms.
4. Preliminary Field Testing
After the development of the preliminary form of product was accomplished, the next step to do was evaluating the designed materials. The
purpose was to gain feedbacks, comments, and suggestions towards the designed materials. The evaluation given used to revise the designed materials until its met
the objectives. In preliminary field testing, the researcher conducted expert validation and user validation. Expert validation was done by distributing
evaluative questionnaire to the lecturers of the Intermediate Listening Class. On the other hand, the user validation was done by distributing evaluative
questionnaire to ten students of the Intermediate Listening Class.
5. Main Product Revision
The last step is main product revision. In this step, the researcher revised the designed materials based on the expert validation and user validation. The
revision intended to be more applicable. The result of the main product revision was presented in Appendix C and D.