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main field testing, operational product revision, operational field testing, final product revision, and the last is dissemination and implementation pp. 775-776.
In this study, the researcher only conducted six steps of educational R D because the aim of this study was to design the materials to gain feedback and
suggestions of the designed materials after being implemented once to the target learners and also because of the time limit and money. Therefore, the researcher
did not employ the complete cycle. The six steps are explained in the following points.
1. Research and Information Collecting
Research and information collecting was to obtain the information needed for planning what to design. This step employed the first three steps of Dick and
Carey’s 2009 instructional design, namely, identify the goals, conduct learning materials
analysis, and analyzing learners’ needs. The researcher conducted observation to identify the goals and topics needed. After that, the researcher
conducted needs analysis in analyzing learners and context step to find out the learner
s’ needs by distributing questionnaires to the tour guides as the learners.
2. Planning
Planning was the stage for the researcher in developing the materials. This step employed the third, fourth, and fifth step of Dick and
Carey’s 2009 instructional design model, namely, write performance objectives, develop
assessment instruments, and develop instructional strategy. In writing performance objectives, the researcher decided the general learning objectives by
making the syllabus and deciding the specific learning objectives in every unit on
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its lesson plan. In developing assessment instrument, the researcher made a self- evaluation assessment for the learners in every unit. In developing instructional
strategy, the researcher adopted Willis’ task sequence 1996, namely, pre-task,
task cycle, and language focus to make the suitable phases strategies for creating speaking materials.
3. Developing Preliminary Form of Product
In this phase, the researcher employed the seventh step of Dick and Carey’s 2009 instructional design model, namely, develop and select
instructional resources. The organized subject content was developed into learning materials. Tasks and instructional resources were selected based on their
appropriateness with the available support service , learners’ characteristics and
skills. In developing preliminary form of product, the researcher selected the subject contents and made the preliminary design based on the syllabus used. The
researcher adapted the authentic speaking materials by applying the principles of materials adaptation by Tomlinson and Masuhara 2004; they are plus, minus,
and zero categories p. 16.
4. Preliminary Field Testing
