English for Specific Purposes ESP

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into two major parts. The first part is the theoretical description. In the theoretical description, there are five major points to be discussed, namely, English for specific purposes ESP, speaking, task-based learning TBL, instructional design model, and materials adaptation as the review of the related literatures. The second part is the theoretical framework which is aimed to draw a framework based on the theoretical description that has been discussed in the first part of this chapter.

A. Theoretical Description

In this section, the researcher would like to discuss five parts. The first part is the theory of English for specific purposes ESP, because this study belongs to ESP course. The second part is the theory of speaking, since the skill that needs to be mastered is the speaking skills. The third part is the theory of task based learning TBL to know the approach used to teach speaking skills. The fourth part is the theory of instructional design model to adapt the steps for designing the speaking materials. The fifth part is the theory of materials adaptation to develop the speaking materials.

1. English for Specific Purposes ESP

It is necessary to clarify the meaning of ESP since English speaking materials for the tour guides of Kalisuci Gunungkidul are a part of ESP. In this 8 study, the tour guides have their own reason to learn English as a part of their job. The main reason is they want to speak English fluently with the correct expressions to deliver what they want to say to the foreign guests especially as the tour guides of a cave tubing activity. They want to learn the authentic and relevant materials that reflect their real situation in the guiding activities. Therefore, the most appropriate, practical, and applicable speaking materials to their working situation is an English course program named English for Specific Purposes ESP, particularly English for Kalisuci Cave Tubing, is the language program which can facilitate the suitable English course. Hutchinson and Waters 1994 state that “ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learner’s reason for learning” p. 19. Munby 1978 also gives clear definition of ESP that ESP programs are those where the syllabus and the materials are determined in all essentials by the prior analysis of the communication need of the learner, rather than by nonlearner- centered criteria such as teacher’s predetermined preference for General English or treating English as a part of general education. p. 2 Therefore, in this study, ESP is an approach to teach English based on the learners’ needs in dealing with English on the specific fields of the learners with making the appropriate syllabus to design English materials based on the needs itself. ESP is divided into two types according to the purposes of the learners to study English. The two types are English for Academic Purposes EAP, which have the study skills components and English for Occupational Purposes, which 9 study English for a specific work field. The branch of English language teaching based on the learners’ purposes can be seen in Figure 2.1 below. Figure 2.1 The Branch of English Language Teaching Hutchinson Waters, 1994, p. 17 In this research, English for the tour guides of Kalisuci Gunungkidul belongs to EOP because they learn English to support their occupation as the tour guides of a cave tubing activity. Kennedy and Bolitho 1991 say that EOP is taught in a situation in which learners need to use English as a part of their work or profession. Since ESP is under the domain of EFL and English has its function as a foreign language in Indonesia, Indonesian learners are considered as EFL learners likely to have limited opportunities to practice English outside classroom. This condition also happens to the tour guides of Kalisuci Gunungkidul. Thus, ESP program is the suitable language program to learn English for the tour guides English Language Teaching English as a Mother Tongue EMT English for Specific Purposes ESP English for the tour guides of Kalisuci Gunungkidul EOP English for Specific Purposes ESP English for Academic Purposes EAP General English GE English as a Second Language English as a Foreign Language EFL 10 of Kalisuci Gunungkidul to support the tour guides’ job as the tour guides of a cave tubing activity.

2. Speaking