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Table 3.2 The Whole Process of Data Collecting Instruments
Participants Data Gathered
Time
Observation for research and
information collecting.
Seven tour guides of Kalisuci
Gunungkidul. Goals and Topics of
Speaking Materials.
January 19, 2014
Questionnaire 1: Questionnaire for
research and information
collecting. Fifteen tour
guides of Kalisuci Gunungkidul.
Learners’ characteristics,
learners’ necessities, learners’ interest,
learners’ wants, learners’ lacks in
English speaking related to their job.
January 21, 2014
Questionnaire 2: Questionnaire for
preliminary field testing.
Two English lecturers of
Sanata Dharma University
Yogyakarta. Evaluation and
suggestions of the designed materials.
February 18, 2014
Questionnaire 3: Questionnaire for
main field testing. Fifteen tour
guides of Kalisuci Gunungkidul.
Evaluation and suggestions of the
designed materials. April 3,
2014
E. Data Analysis Technique
After collecting data by conducting observation and distributing questionnaires, the researcher had to analyze the data in each instrument. The data
analysis is explained as follows.
1. Observation
To analyze the results of the observation sheet, the researcher used rating scales on each criterion. According to Ary et al 2002 the rating scales are often
used by observer to indicate the behavior. Usually, the rating scales consist of three to five categories p. 217. In this study, there were three rating scales on
each criterion, namely, strongly needed, needed, and not needed. The researcher
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chose one of the rating scales on each criterion based on the observation of the guides’ attitudes and behavior. The observation sheet can be seen in Appendix B.
2. Questionnaire for Research and Information Collecting
The questionnaire for research and information collecting consisted of both open and closed form. The open form and closed form would have different
data analysis. Since the closed form used multiple choice questions, the data was presented in percentage. According to Brown and Rodgers 2002 most people
find it easier to understand data converted in percentage than in raw frequency. Thus, the researcher used the percentages in this research because percentage was
clearer and easier to interpret the data since the analysis is aimed to present the findings.
According to Art et al. 2002 “the percentages are calculated by dividing the total number in one category by the total number in all categories and
multiplying the result by 100” p. 125. The formulation to find out the percentage
of the data in open form questionnaire is elaborated below.
= ∑
ˣ 100 Note:
n = the number of the chosen category
∑ = the total number of participants
P = the number of percentage
Meanwhile, in the closed form questionnaire which used the essay questions, the researcher made a summary into some points. The results of
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research and information collecting helped the researcher to find out the learners’ needs in developing the designed materials. The questionnaire can be seen in
Appendix B.
3. Questionnaire for Preliminary Field Testing and Main Field Testing
