3 The paper define e-government as the way
in which government can communicate and transfer their information and services to
citizens and other stakeholders by using Information and Communication Technologies
ICTs, particularly in the usage the Internet. Based on this definition, these will review on
informations and services which are provided by government websites.
First of all, it is important to understand the relationship as well as types of e-government
services toward their citizens and stackholders.
2.2 Types of e-government services
Based on the paper of Zhiyuan 2002, the four types of e-government services are
Government-to-Citizen G2C, Government-to- Business
G2B, Government-to-Employee
G2E, and Government-to-Government G2G. The following is an expansion of e-government
services :
G2C
are informations and services from the government to its citizens such as license
renewals, ordering of birthdeathmarriage certificates and taxes.
G2B
are information and services in business developments such as business
transaction, business community, exchange of business services including other related
services.
G2E are services provided by the
government to its employees such as provision of human resource training and development.
G2G
services operate between governments at two levels such as domestic and at the
international level. These include transactions between centralnational and local governments,
and between department level and attached agencies and bureaus.
The interactions between governments at internal and external level is best illustrated in
Figure 2.
2.3 E-government stage model
This includes three e-government stage models such as
UN’s five stage model, Layne an
d Lee’s four stage model, and Moon’s five stage model. Hala Al-Khatib, 2009. Futher,
these models will be summarized into new stage models, called the four stage model.
Figure 2 Interaction of e-government. Zhiyuan , 2002
Figure 1 E-government framework. Yani Nurhadryani , 2009 Ministry 1
Finance Ministry 2
Education Ministry 3
Health Functional 2
Education Functional 3
Health Functional 1
Finance Service
s E
N D
U S
E R
National level
Local level
Horizontal integration Vertical integration
No n
p ro
fit Local Government
Central government G2E E2G
Citizens Business
G2N G2N
C2G B2G
G2B G2C
G2G
4
2.3.1 UN’s five stage model 2001
a. Emerging presence
– provides basic information relating to respective instance such
as contact information and function of instance.
b. Enhanced presence
– provides a more updated detail informations such as recent news
and common issues.
c. Interactive presence
– provide a quality services delivery of interaction among users and
services providers.
d. Transactional
presence
– provides convenient online transaction services such as
tax payment and updating birth certificates.
e. Seamless
– provides an accessibility of whole services to all citizens.
2.3.2 Layne and Lee’s four stage model 2001
a. Catalogue
– provides basic information relating to respective instance such as contact
information and function of instance.
b. Transaction
– provides convenient online transaction services such as tax payment and
updating birth certificates.
c. Vertical integration
