Stage I web presence Stage III transaction

10

4.2 Government online services

The main purpose of this research is not only to know how many websites were launched, but also to know how and what online services are provided to citizens of both countries. The result in Figure 8 indicates that, in general, 27 out of 20 of web features are provided by central government of Cambodia, while its local government provides only 5. Central and local government of Indonesia provides 39 and 34, respectively. This indicates that information and services which provided by the governments of both countries are lower than 50, particularly local government of Cambodia. The main challenges for local government of Cambodia are computer literacy and Internet access. The population in provinces, particularly in rural areas, are isolated from technology services due to high poverty and lack of public educational service. The majority of population have none or little skill in computer knowledge. In addition, there are limited or no Internet facilities provided by the government. There are also lack of good strategy and management for implementation of e-government development. Besides these, e-government laws and ICTs policies are not well established in order to ensure the better e-government services. As a developing country, Cambodian government has concentrated to develop and improve other aspects of economic developemt instead of e-government services, thus causing high gap of computer literacy among its population, particularly in the rural areas. For e-government to meet its goal and objectives, it is suggested that Cambodian government should review and design well established plan to be able to implement e- government successfully in the future. Indonesian government is also in the process of developing and improving its e-government services. Although its challenges are almost similar to any other developing countries, its e- government development is better than Cambodian. This is best illustrated in Figure 7.

4.2.1 Stage I web presence

Table 6 shows that there are 65 and 11 of Cambodian central and local government respectively already provided online services, while Indonesian central and local government provided 91 and 76 respectively. Table 6 Percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government Central government ministry Local government provincial Cambodia 25 ministries Indonesia 31 Ministries Cambodia 24 Provinces Indonesia 33 Provinces Stage I: Web presence 65 91 11 76 Stage II: Interaction 14 26 3 22 Stage III: Transaction 2 Stage IV: Participation 6 15 Figure 7 The graphic of average score for Cambodian and Indonesian e-government Stage Government 11 The three consecutive reviews indicated that access to websites are inconsistent. That is, websites can be accessible only at particular times. In addition, some websites do not updated their information. For instance, Table 8 shows regular update for Cambodian central and local government are 76 and 13 respectively. While Indonesian central and local governmnet regular update are 97 and 89 respectively. In general, the data indicates that Cambodian government should implement and increase web presence in all instancies, particularly in local government. Web presence for Indonesian government is reasonable compare to Cambodian as shown in Table 7. This indicates that online interaction have not been fully provided by both government. It is assumed that the government do not see the benefit of online communication with their citizens. On the other hand, citizens still lack the knowledge of the use of online interaction services.

4.2.3 Stage III transaction

Table 6 further shows that central and local governments of both countries have not implement online transaction except 2 of Cambodian central government already provided this service. Table 9 clearly shows that almost all of online transaction features are not provided by both governments. Table 7 Percentage of variable in stage I web presence Featuresvariables Central Government Local government Cambodia Indonesia Cambodia Indonesia Web launching 76 100 13 94 Tab about us 68 100 13 94 Contact information 72 100 13 94 Link to others official webpage 28 87 4 64 Regular update 76 97 13 89 English language 68 52 13 9 General news and activities 68 100 13 90

4.2.2 Stage II interaction