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2.3.1 UN’s five stage model 2001
a. Emerging presence
– provides basic information relating to respective instance such
as contact information and function of instance.
b. Enhanced presence
– provides a more updated detail informations such as recent news
and common issues.
c. Interactive presence
– provide a quality services delivery of interaction among users and
services providers.
d. Transactional
presence
– provides convenient online transaction services such as
tax payment and updating birth certificates.
e. Seamless
– provides an accessibility of whole services to all citizens.
2.3.2 Layne and Lee’s four stage model 2001
a. Catalogue
– provides basic information relating to respective instance such as contact
information and function of instance.
b. Transaction
– provides convenient online transaction services such as tax payment and
updating birth certificates.
c. Vertical integration
– integration of information and services between central and
local government.
d. Horizontal integration
– integration of information and services between all level of
government and non-government.
2.3.3 Moon’s five-stage model 2002
a. one-way communication
– provides basic information relating to respective instance such
as contact information and function of instance.
b. Two-way communication
– provide a quality services delivery of interaction among
users and services providers.
c. Service and financial transaction
– provides convenient online transaction services such as
tax payment and updating birth certificates.
d. Vertical and horizontal integration
– This is similar to the last two stages in Layne and
Lee 2001 four-stage model. This stage refers to integrating separate systems at different
levels vertical and from different departments horizontal.
e. Political participation
– promotion of political participation through services such as
online voting and surveys. Based on the above e-government stage
models, it has been identified, that all three stage models contain similar concepts, but
operates at different levels. Thus, these stage models are summarized as follow:
Web presence
: this phase is a basic form of e-government services where simple with
limited informations are posted through web sites, such as the agencys vision and mission,
and contact information. Due to the advancement
of government
capabilities, information delivery become more dynamic,
specialized and updated.
Interaction
: this phase provides simple interactions between the governments and users.
This includes e-mail systems, official forms download as well as other interactions.
Transaction
: this phase enable users to conduct complete online transactions. Citizens
can conduct self-services online such as license applications,
tax filing,
and personal
information updates.
Participation : this involve long-term goal
for e-government
development. The
governments attempt to improve political participation, citizen involvement, and politics
transparencies by offering tools such as online voting, polling and surveys.
The parameters of the above four stage models will be elaborated in Chapter 3. To
continue any further, first it is important to take a glance at the history and status of e-
government of Cambodia and Indonesia.
2.4 Cambodia and Indonesia at a glance a.
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