11 The three consecutive reviews indicated that
access to websites are inconsistent. That is, websites can be accessible only at particular
times. In addition, some websites do not updated their information. For instance, Table 8
shows regular update for Cambodian central and local government are 76 and 13
respectively. While Indonesian central and local governmnet regular update are 97 and 89
respectively.
In general,
the data
indicates that
Cambodian government should implement and increase web presence in all instancies,
particularly in local government. Web presence for Indonesian government is reasonable
compare to Cambodian as shown in Table 7. This indicates that online interaction have
not been fully provided by both government. It is assumed that the government do not see the
benefit of online communication with their citizens. On the other hand, citizens still lack
the knowledge of the use of online interaction services.
4.2.3 Stage III transaction
Table 6 further shows that central and local governments of both countries have not
implement online transaction except 2 of Cambodian
central government
already provided this service. Table 9 clearly shows that
almost all of online transaction features are not provided by both governments.
Table 7 Percentage of variable in stage I web presence Featuresvariables
Central Government Local government
Cambodia Indonesia
Cambodia Indonesia
Web launching 76
100 13
94 Tab about us
68 100
13 94
Contact information 72
100 13
94 Link to others official webpage
28 87
4 64
Regular update 76
97 13
89 English language
68 52
13 9
General news and activities 68
100 13
90
4.2.2 Stage II interaction
Table 6 shows that for Cambodian central and local government which already provided
the interaction feacture are 14 and 3 respectively, whereas for Indonesian central and
local government 26 and 22 respectively.
For example, Table 8 indicates that there are no feature of downloadable form and e-mail and
respond are provided by both governments. Furthemore, other features might be available
which are provided by some government institutions. c.f Table 8
Difficulties in
developing online
transactional system as well its security measures are creating lack of trust among
citizens and government. Thus, the government should
recruit and
increase expertise,
particularly in building online transactional system. In addition, the government should also
socializ the usage of this system through seminar, workshop, training, mass media, and
related institutions.
Table 8 Percentage of variable in stage II interaction Featuresvariables
Central Government Local government
Cambodia Indonesia
Cambodia Indonesia
Downloadable forms Publication
56 68
42 Email and respond
Post comment 12
32 13
48 Online forums
26 21
12 Table 9 Percentage of variable in stage III transaction
Featuresvariables Central Government
Local government Cambodia
Indonesia Cambodia
Indonesia Fill out and submit forms
4 Payment transaction
4 Make new passport
Renewal visa 4
Birth and death record License and permit
4.2.4 Stage IV participation
Participation of citizens in a democratic society is very important in social and
seconomic development. Thus, e-government system can accelerate these development by
providing online survey such as project, polling of government services, and related
surveys.
Table 6 shows, in general, central and local government of Cambodia are not
providing participartion feature, while 6 and 15 of Indonesian central and local
government respectively provide this feature.
Table 10 further indicates that there are 13 and 30 of central and local government
of Indonesia provide online survey related to government projects and data access on the
websites. In addition, Yani et all 2009 starting to think seriously about online
communication to optimize its democracy. It is assumed that, the major problem
encounted by the government is the cost and difficulties in implementing e-voting system.
Hence, any developing countries including Cambodia and Indonesia should undertake
comparative study with other developed countries of e-government system. This will
enable them to aquire the expertise and knowledge to develop and optimize their e-
government successfully in the future. Furthemore, it would be better for Cambodian
and Indonesian government to encourage in collaboration programme with international
agencies for the funding of e-government implementation.
Table 10 Percentage of variable in stage IV participation Featuresvariables
Central Government Local government
Cambodia Indonesia
Cambodia Indonesia
Survey 13
30 E-voting
pointed out that during the general election of 2008, 27 61 from 44 national political
parties in Indonesia have launched their websites with static information. This
illustrated that Indonesian government is Figure 8 and 9 illustrated that both central
and local governments experience a very low achievement in implementing e-government
particularly from stage 2 to stage 4.
Figure 8 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government Central .
13 From the four stages disccused, it is
clearly indicated that stage I and II are better compared to stage III and IV. The cause of
this differences maybe due to the simple system and its implementation compare to the
last two stages. Therefore, the government should pay more attention to develop quality
e-government services to its citizens in order to establish a more productive social and
economic development.
The acknowledgement of e-government of both countries Cambodia and Indonesia
should not be unnoticed. Though they have faced a lot of challenges, it is worth
mentioning several achievements to show that they are still have opportunity to develop and
improve their respective e-government. For instance, Indonesian government provides 10
out of 20 features rated as the highest score among its institutions such as Misnistry of
Finance, Ministry of Industry, government of Central Kalimantan Province, and East Nusa
Tenggara Province. c.f Appendix 1. On the other hand, Cambodian government websites
provide 9 out of 20 features rated as the highest score among its institutions such as
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International cooperation,
and Ministry
of Rural
Development. To further evaluate the consistency of
websites accessibility, this paper carried out another websites review after several months
October to compare with the previous review June. According to Hidayat, who
reviewed the websites during October, there are no significant differences as far as
websites features are concerned. However, there
are slight
differences in
web accessibility. That is, several of the
inaccessible websites are later found to be accessible and vice versa. c.f Table 11 and
12
Table 11Consistency of web accessibility for Cambodian government websites Government name
Web review in June 2011 Web review in October 2011
Accessible Inaccessible
Accessible Inaccessible
Ministry of National Assembly-Senate Relation and Inspection
√ √
Ministry of National Defence √
√ Ministry of Woman Affairs
√ √
Battamabng Province √
√ Figure 9 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government Provincial .
14 Table 12 Consistency of web accessibility for Indonesian government websites
Government name Web review in June 2011
Web review in October 2011 Accessible
Inaccessible Accessible
Inaccessible State Minister for the Empowerment
of State Apparaturs √
√ Lampung Province
√ √
South Sulawesi Province √
√ Papua Province
√ √
From two different periods of web review, these seem to be no significant differences in
stage features of websites provided by the two governments. This is clearly shown in Table
13. except graphic component with less than 50
are usable. Table 14 further indicates that typography font size and typeface is a
component which
almost government
websites are already provided as a standard Table 13 New percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government
Central government ministry Local government provincial
Cambodia 25 ministries
Indonesia 31 Ministries
Cambodia 24 Provinces
Indonesia 33 Provinces
Stage I: Web presence 74
89 8
71 Stage II: Interactive
15 33
2 25
Stage III: Transaction 2
Stage IV: Participation 2
10 15
4.3 Usability of government websites
