9
Stage II: Interaction a.
Downloadable forms: any application
forms are available such as birth record, tax payment, etc.
b. Publication: research such as agriculture,
economy and others government project.
c. Email and respond: send and get respond
for any questions from citizens.
d. Post comment: all usercitizens can post
any comments to share their ideas or critics.
e. Online forums: forums for discussing any
issues that are happening in the society as well as government issues.
Stage III: Transactional a.
Fill out and submit forms: fill out any
transaction form and submit to relevance institutional. The score is one 1 if at least
one online transaction form is available. Otherwise, the score is zero 0.
b. Payment transaction: all online payment
are available such as tax payment, visa payment, utilities electric, phone, water,
etc. At least one transaction can be processed online, then the score is one 1. If
there is no online transaction provided, then the score is zero 0.
c. Make new passport: give a convenient way
to all the citizens to make passport through online e-passport.
d. Renewal visa: all visa renew process can be
done by online services.
f. Birth and death record: all databases are
integrated to register birth and death record online.
g. License and permit: license and permit
request form must be accessible through online services.
Stage IV: Participation a.
Survey: polling system through online by
citizens to help the decision making on government services. For example, project
development.
b. E-voting: election of President, Prime
Minister, local government can be chosen by citizens via online.
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The review of websites was done at three consecutive weekends during the month of June
2011 such as 11-12, 18-19, and 25-26. From the three consecutive review, the score from the last
review is taken to be the valid data. These valid data are then used for analizing e-government
implementation.
4.1 Accessible websites
Table 4
shows Cambodian
central government has 19 76 accessible websites,
while other 6 websites are inaccessible even though they have domains. The table further
shows that the local government has 3 13 accessible websites, while 19 others do not have
domains.
Table 4 Cambodian government’s web sites
reviewed Type of
Gov Number of
government Accessible
websites Central
25 19
76 Provincial
24 3
13 Total
49 22
46 Table
5 shows
Indonesian central
government has 31 100 accessible websites. Its local government has 31 94 accessible
websites, while the other 2 websites are inaccessible.
Table 5 Indonesian government’s web sites
reviewed Type of
Gov Number of
government Accessible
websites Central
31 31
100 Provincial
33 31
94 Total
64 62
97 Based on the above data evaluation, it is
concluded that Indonesian government has higher 97 Internet usage compared to
Cambodian government 46. This is clearly shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Accessible websites of Cambodian and Indonesian government
10
4.2 Government online services
The main purpose of this research is not only to know how many websites were
launched, but also to know how and what online services are provided to citizens of both
countries.
The result in Figure 8 indicates that, in general, 27 out of 20 of web features are
provided by central government of Cambodia, while its local government provides only 5.
Central and local government of Indonesia provides 39 and 34, respectively. This
indicates that information and services which provided by the governments of both countries
are lower than 50, particularly local government of Cambodia.
The main challenges for local government of Cambodia are computer literacy and Internet
access. The population in provinces, particularly in rural areas, are isolated from technology
services due to high poverty and lack of public educational service. The majority of population
have none or little skill in computer knowledge. In addition, there are limited or no Internet
facilities provided by the government. There are also lack of good strategy and management for
implementation of e-government development. Besides these, e-government laws and ICTs
policies are not well established in order to ensure the better e-government services.
As a developing country, Cambodian government has concentrated to develop and
improve other aspects of economic developemt instead of e-government services, thus causing
high gap of computer literacy among its population, particularly in the rural areas.
For e-government to meet its goal and objectives, it is suggested that Cambodian
government should review and design well established plan to be able to implement e-
government successfully in the future. Indonesian government is also in the process
of developing and improving its e-government services. Although its challenges are almost
similar to any other developing countries, its e- government
development is
better than
Cambodian. This is best illustrated in Figure 7.
4.2.1 Stage I web presence
Table 6 shows that there are 65 and 11 of Cambodian central and local government
respectively already provided online services, while Indonesian central and local government
provided 91 and 76 respectively.
Table 6 Percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government Central government ministry
Local government provincial Cambodia
25 ministries Indonesia
31 Ministries Cambodia
24 Provinces Indonesia
33 Provinces Stage I: Web presence
65 91
11 76
Stage II: Interaction 14
26 3
22 Stage III: Transaction
2 Stage IV: Participation
6 15
Figure 7 The graphic of average score for Cambodian and Indonesian e-government
Stage Government
11 The three consecutive reviews indicated that
access to websites are inconsistent. That is, websites can be accessible only at particular
times. In addition, some websites do not updated their information. For instance, Table 8
shows regular update for Cambodian central and local government are 76 and 13
respectively. While Indonesian central and local governmnet regular update are 97 and 89
respectively.
In general,
the data
indicates that
Cambodian government should implement and increase web presence in all instancies,
particularly in local government. Web presence for Indonesian government is reasonable
compare to Cambodian as shown in Table 7. This indicates that online interaction have
not been fully provided by both government. It is assumed that the government do not see the
benefit of online communication with their citizens. On the other hand, citizens still lack
the knowledge of the use of online interaction services.
4.2.3 Stage III transaction
Table 6 further shows that central and local governments of both countries have not
implement online transaction except 2 of Cambodian
central government
already provided this service. Table 9 clearly shows that
almost all of online transaction features are not provided by both governments.
Table 7 Percentage of variable in stage I web presence Featuresvariables
Central Government Local government
Cambodia Indonesia
Cambodia Indonesia
Web launching 76
100 13
94 Tab about us
68 100
13 94
Contact information 72
100 13
94 Link to others official webpage
28 87
4 64
Regular update 76
97 13
89 English language
68 52
13 9
General news and activities 68
100 13
90
4.2.2 Stage II interaction
Table 6 shows that for Cambodian central and local government which already provided
the interaction feacture are 14 and 3 respectively, whereas for Indonesian central and
local government 26 and 22 respectively.
For example, Table 8 indicates that there are no feature of downloadable form and e-mail and
respond are provided by both governments. Furthemore, other features might be available
which are provided by some government institutions. c.f Table 8
Difficulties in
developing online
transactional system as well its security measures are creating lack of trust among
citizens and government. Thus, the government should
recruit and
increase expertise,
particularly in building online transactional system. In addition, the government should also
socializ the usage of this system through seminar, workshop, training, mass media, and
related institutions.
Table 8 Percentage of variable in stage II interaction Featuresvariables
Central Government Local government
Cambodia Indonesia
Cambodia Indonesia
Downloadable forms Publication
56 68
42 Email and respond
Post comment 12
32 13
48 Online forums
26 21
12 Table 9 Percentage of variable in stage III transaction
Featuresvariables Central Government
Local government Cambodia
Indonesia Cambodia
Indonesia Fill out and submit forms
4 Payment transaction
4 Make new passport
Renewal visa 4
Birth and death record License and permit
4.2.4 Stage IV participation
Participation of citizens in a democratic society is very important in social and
seconomic development. Thus, e-government system can accelerate these development by
providing online survey such as project, polling of government services, and related
surveys.
Table 6 shows, in general, central and local government of Cambodia are not
providing participartion feature, while 6 and 15 of Indonesian central and local
government respectively provide this feature.
Table 10 further indicates that there are 13 and 30 of central and local government
of Indonesia provide online survey related to government projects and data access on the
websites. In addition, Yani et all 2009 starting to think seriously about online
communication to optimize its democracy. It is assumed that, the major problem
encounted by the government is the cost and difficulties in implementing e-voting system.
Hence, any developing countries including Cambodia and Indonesia should undertake
comparative study with other developed countries of e-government system. This will
enable them to aquire the expertise and knowledge to develop and optimize their e-
government successfully in the future. Furthemore, it would be better for Cambodian
and Indonesian government to encourage in collaboration programme with international
agencies for the funding of e-government implementation.
Table 10 Percentage of variable in stage IV participation Featuresvariables
Central Government Local government
Cambodia Indonesia
Cambodia Indonesia
Survey 13
30 E-voting
pointed out that during the general election of 2008, 27 61 from 44 national political
parties in Indonesia have launched their websites with static information. This
illustrated that Indonesian government is Figure 8 and 9 illustrated that both central
and local governments experience a very low achievement in implementing e-government
particularly from stage 2 to stage 4.
Figure 8 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government Central .
13 From the four stages disccused, it is
clearly indicated that stage I and II are better compared to stage III and IV. The cause of
this differences maybe due to the simple system and its implementation compare to the
last two stages. Therefore, the government should pay more attention to develop quality
e-government services to its citizens in order to establish a more productive social and
economic development.
The acknowledgement of e-government of both countries Cambodia and Indonesia
should not be unnoticed. Though they have faced a lot of challenges, it is worth
mentioning several achievements to show that they are still have opportunity to develop and
improve their respective e-government. For instance, Indonesian government provides 10
out of 20 features rated as the highest score among its institutions such as Misnistry of
Finance, Ministry of Industry, government of Central Kalimantan Province, and East Nusa
Tenggara Province. c.f Appendix 1. On the other hand, Cambodian government websites
provide 9 out of 20 features rated as the highest score among its institutions such as
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International cooperation,
and Ministry
of Rural
Development. To further evaluate the consistency of
websites accessibility, this paper carried out another websites review after several months
October to compare with the previous review June. According to Hidayat, who
reviewed the websites during October, there are no significant differences as far as
websites features are concerned. However, there
are slight
differences in
web accessibility. That is, several of the
inaccessible websites are later found to be accessible and vice versa. c.f Table 11 and
12
Table 11Consistency of web accessibility for Cambodian government websites Government name
Web review in June 2011 Web review in October 2011
Accessible Inaccessible
Accessible Inaccessible
Ministry of National Assembly-Senate Relation and Inspection
√ √
Ministry of National Defence √
√ Ministry of Woman Affairs
√ √
Battamabng Province √
√ Figure 9 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government Provincial .
14 Table 12 Consistency of web accessibility for Indonesian government websites
Government name Web review in June 2011
Web review in October 2011 Accessible
Inaccessible Accessible
Inaccessible State Minister for the Empowerment
of State Apparaturs √
√ Lampung Province
√ √
South Sulawesi Province √
√ Papua Province
√ √
From two different periods of web review, these seem to be no significant differences in
stage features of websites provided by the two governments. This is clearly shown in Table
13. except graphic component with less than 50
are usable. Table 14 further indicates that typography font size and typeface is a
component which
almost government
websites are already provided as a standard Table 13 New percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government
Central government ministry Local government provincial
Cambodia 25 ministries
Indonesia 31 Ministries
Cambodia 24 Provinces
Indonesia 33 Provinces
Stage I: Web presence 74
89 8
71 Stage II: Interactive
15 33
2 25
Stage III: Transaction 2
Stage IV: Participation 2
10 15
4.3 Usability of government websites
This refer to components of web usability such as content, graphic, and related
components as shown in Table 14. It was noted that more than 50 of government
websites provide properly web components requirement. See Appendix 3 for detail result
of each components.
Table 14 Percentage of each components of usability Central government ministry
Local government provincial Cambodia
25 ministries Indonesia
31 Ministries Cambodia
24 Provinces Indonesia
33 Provinces Architecture and
Navigation 38
54 33
57 Layout and Design
60 94
100 77
Content 64
78 67
73 Form and Interaction
23 63
100 72
Stage Government
Components Government
15 Graphic
4 10
17 11
Color 64
92 67
84 Typography
76 97
100 94
Platform and Implementation
48 91
67 90
In general, as far as usability is concerned, both countries have fairly well demonstrated
their commitment to build usable websites for e-government development. c.f Table 15
Table 15 Average score of usability total score is 24
Country Government
Cambodia Indonesia
Central 46
71 Local
65 69
The main problem for web usability are difficulties in designing user interface and
lack of knowledge about web building and its function
operations. Therefore,
the government should invest in expertise of web
building. However, from the review, it was noted
that both government have shown progress in web usability development. For Indonesian
government, the highest score of 22 from 24 92 of web components are implemented
by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Trade, and government of Banten Province.
Figure 10 shows a screenshot of Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Furthermore, Cambodian
government also shows progress in its web usability
development. This
includes government of Phnom Penh city with the
highest score of 20 from 24 88 of web components. The screenshot in Figure 11
illustrated this website.
However, despite the highest score of web components provided by both governments,
these are still lower than other business websites.
Figure 10 Website of Ministry of Foreign Affairs Indonesia.
16
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.2 Conclusion
In this modern technology transaction era, e-government is recently taking its toll both in
developed and under developing countries as far as communication and transfer of
informations are concerned. The government are starting to change their conventional
operation to e-government to achieve more economic and efficient government through
the usage of ICTs, particularly Internet services. E-government implementation is
enable to provides convenient and conducive interaction among government institutions,
and between citizens and government.
Like any other developing countries, Cambodian and Indonesian government have
shown progress
in implementing
e- government. Cambodian central and local
government implemented online services 27 and 5 respectively. While Indonesian
central and local government also provide 39 and 34 online services respectively.
More than 50 of web component of both government
websites are usable. This indicates that these governments have taken
positive initiative toward usable websites. Both governments may have experienced
many challenges such as lack of expertise and government management which may have
lead to the slow progress of e-government implementation. Thus, the goal of e-
government is not yet fully achieved. However,
the implementation
of e-
government in Indonesia is a little more progressive than the implementation in
Cambodia.
5.2 Recommendation
To ensure the progress of e-government implementation, the government of Cambodia
and Indonesia should consider to: a.
Accelerate implement of government services of stage II, III, and stage IV
through the increase of technology expertise. The government should provide
opportunities training,
sponsorship, collaboration program, etc to make the
citizens interested
in acquire
the knowledge to build e-government system.
b. Provide convenient Internet facility in
order to motivate and encourage public to have access to online services.
c. Involve in comparative study with other
developed countries which have aheading implementation of e-government system
successfully.
The future research of e-government should:
a. Evaluate all central government’s websites
not only ministry including local government district andor commune as
well as the aspect of web usability and visibility.
b. Choose appropriate parameter to each
stage model to evaluate websites. c.
Evaluate the use of either back office or front office, including computer design for
e-government. Figure 11 Website of government of Phnom Penh city Cambodia.
