2 The research is organized as follows.
Section 1 is an introduction related to the topic. Section 2 presents the review of several e-
government concepts. This includes information about current Cambodian and Indonesian e-
government. In addition, to list several challenges faced by developing countries in
implementing e-government. Section 3 shows the methodology. Section 4 discusses the result
of evaluating government websites. Finally, the last
section provides
conclusion and
recommendation towards
government improvement and further research on e-
government.
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
This section reviews several e-government concepts,
government services,
and e-
government stage model. It also explain current situation of e-government both in Cambodia
and Indonesia. In addition, it lists challenges of e-government in developing countries.
2.1 Definition of e-governement
E- government range from “the use of
information technology to free movement of information to overcome the physical bounds of
traditional paper and physical based systems” to
“the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government services to benefit
citizens, business partners and
employees.” Patricia, 2003
According to Zhiyuan 2002, e-government is a means for governments to use the most
innovative information and communication technologies, particularly web-based Internet
applications, to provide citizens and businesses with more convenient access to government
information and services, to improve the quality of the services and to provide greater
opportunities to participate in democratic institutions and processes. This includes
transactions between government and business, government and citizen, government and
employee, and among different units and levels of government.
The similar definition of e-government is that, public services are developed by
making organizational changes, democratic developments are ensured and public
administration uses information and communication technologies for supporting
public policies. Jongcheul, 2004 Another definition of e-government is
defined as a government model, which aims to increase in performance and efficiency
through the use of ICTs to enable good quality services between public organizations, citizens
and commercial organizations. E-
government’s targets are: a.
Transparency in administration. b.
Ensuring democratic developments and contribution of the citizens to administration
at all levels. c.
Offering public services in a more transparent
way and
consequently increasing power and credibility of the
government. d.
Continuous, uninterrupted and high quality services.
e. Ensuring data exchange between
organizations and preventing work and data repeats.
f. Making life of the citizens, who take
services from the government easier. g.
Planning based on true and up to date data and saving money in all expenditures
Sisman et al., 2009. According to Yani Nurhadryani 2009, the
actors in e-government can simplified into two types. First is the public sector as a provider of
executive government ministry of finance, education, health, etc., the judiciary and the
legislature at the national, regional and local levels. The second is called end-user, which is
under non-governmental and private sector. These actors use ICTs for internal and external
function. Internal functions, the ICTs are used for the administrative process by integrating all
internal public sector either horizontally integration between minitries of same level
and vertically integration between same ministries of different levels. With increasing
internal integration both horizontally and vertically, it is expected that government is able
to enhance the external function that provide better public services to end-users. The
interaction among the actors is illustrated as shown in Figure 1.
3 The paper define e-government as the way
in which government can communicate and transfer their information and services to
citizens and other stakeholders by using Information and Communication Technologies
ICTs, particularly in the usage the Internet. Based on this definition, these will review on
informations and services which are provided by government websites.
First of all, it is important to understand the relationship as well as types of e-government
services toward their citizens and stackholders.
2.2 Types of e-government services
