Ontological Metaphor Kinds of Metaphor

28 as an object, we can conceptualize it as our possession. Thus, we can linguistically refer to fear as my fear, or your fear. We can conceive of personification as a form of ontological metaphor. In personification, human qualities are given to nonhuman entities. Personification is very common in literature, but it also abounds in everyday discourse. Examples: “His theory explained to me the behaviour of chickens raised in factories. ” “Life has cheated me.” “Inflation is eating up our profits.” “Cancer finally caught up with him.” “The computer went dead on me.” 47 Theory, life, inflation, cancer, com puter are not humans, but they are given qualities of human beings, such as explaining, cheating, eating, catching up, and dying. Personification makes use of one of the best source domains we have – ourselves. In personifying nonhumans as humans, we can begin to understand them a little better As in the case of the orientational metaphors, most of these expressions are not noticed as being metaphorical, one reason for this is that ontological metaphors, like orientational metaphor, serve a very limited range of purposes; referring, quantifying, etc. Merely vieweing an nonphysical thing as an entity or substance does not allow us to comprehend very much about it. But ontological metaphors may be 47 Geoge Lakoff, 1992. Contemporary Theory of Metaphor. UK: Cambridge University Press, p.20. 29 expanded. Here are two example of how ontological metaphor the mind is an entity have a meaning “The mind is a machine” 48 : We‟re still trying to grind out the solution to this equation. My mind just isn’t operating today. Boy, the wheels are turning now I‟m a little rusty today. We‟ve been working on this problem all day and now we‟re running out of steam. 49 These metaphors specify different kinds of objects. They give us different metaphorical models for what the mind is and allow us to focus on different aspects of mental experience. The MACHINE metaphor gives us a conception of the mind as having an on-off state, a level of efficiency, a productive capacity, an internal mechanism, a source of energy, and an operating condition. metaphor see events, activities emotions, and ideas as entities and substance. For example in the metaphor THE MIND IS A MACHINE in the sentence My mind is not operating today ontological metaphors are metaphors conceptualizing the thoughts, experiences, and process more abstract things-to something that has physical properties. In other words, the ontological metaphors assume abstract noun as a concrete noun. THE MIND IS A BRITTLE OBJECT Her ego is very fragile. 48 George Lakoff , Op. Cit., p.27. 49 Ibid., 30 You have to handle him with care since his wife s death. He broke under cross-examination. She is easily crushed. The experience shattered him. Im going to pieces. His mind snapped. The BRITTLE OBJECT metaphor allows us to talk only about psychological strength. However, there is a range of mental experience that can be conceived of in terms of either metaphor. The examples we have in mind are these: He broke down. THE MIND IS A MACHINE He cracked up. THE MIND IS A BRITTLE OBJECT But these two metaphors do not focus on exactly the same aspect of mental experience. When a machine breaks down, it simply ceases to function. When a brittle object shatters, its pieces go flying, with possibly dangerous consequences,for example, when someone goes crazy and becomes wild or violent, it would be appropriate to say He cracked up. On the other hand, if someone becomes tired and unable to function for psychological reasons, we would be more likely to say He broke down. The reason is that metaphors like THE MIND IS A BRITTLE OBJECT are an important part of the model of the mind, it is the model most of us think and operate in terms of. 31 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In this research, the technique of data collecting is using bibliography technique. The data are collected by using written sources from the articles. The steps to collect data are, searching the articles, entitled, Disaster Preparedness: Learning from Japan and Japan Disaster Sparks Social Media Innovation from The Jakarta Post website. Read the entire text to determine the metaphorical sentence used in those articles. When collecting data is complete, then data will be chosen randomly. After that, the chosen data will be classified based on the types of metaphor, the next step is finding the mapping to see the relation between source domain and target domain in metaphor. The last is discovering the meaning of the metaphorical language used in the articles. The data will be analyzed by using qualitative method with explaining the mapping process to convey the similarities in each concept that leads to understanding the meaning based on the metaphorical expression. The kind of metaphor theory from Lakoff and Johnson will be applied in the analysis. Identification of meaning in metaphorical language will use some dictionaries to be the references; they are Merriam-webster.com and Oxford Dictionary. Those references are to find the literal meaning and compare with non-literal meaning from metaphorical language which contained in the 32 articles. After analyzing two The Jakarta Post articles on March 26 2011, and March 31 2011, the writer found 12 metaphors in the articles, they are: 1 structural metaphors, 4 orientational metaphors, and 7 ontological metaphors. No Metaphorical Expressions Types 1. In the immediate aftermath of disaster that likely killed more than 18.000 people, phone and cellular networks were either down or overwhelmed with traffic. Orientational Metaphor 2 City administration in Japan were fully aware that they lived under the constant threat of earthquakes and tsunamis. Orientational Metaphor 3 The numbers underscore the increasingly valuable role that social media, particularly Twitter, can play in the wake of natural disasters. Ontological metaphor 4 We witnessed how the city emergency response system worked effectively during the powerful earthquake and tsunami that recently shook Japan. Structural Metaphor 5 That‟s something that concerns Web designer Qanta Schimizu as well. But he sees a greater good in embracing social media in time of crisis. Ontological metaphor 6 Nearby cities like Musashino and Koganei have also signed up for Twitter. Orientational Metaphor 7 In 1955, when a massive earthquake devastated the western city of Kobe, the internet was in its infancy and the mass media controlled the flow of information. Ontological Metaphor 33 8 Once the magnitude of the March 11 disaster become clear, the online world began asking, “How can we help?” Ontological Metaphor 9 And for that, social media offered the ideal platform for good ideal to spread quickly, supplementing and even rivaling efforts launched by giants like Google and Facebook. Ontological Metaphor 10 Twitter was already a big hit on Japan, where more than three-quarters of the population is connected to the Internet Ontological Metaphor 11 Video streaming provider Ustream and Japanese video sharing platform Nico Nico Douga also saw viewership climb. Orientational Metaphor 12 On normal days, parks can become water catchment areas, lungs of the city and tourists‟ attraction. Ontological Metaphor

B. Data Analysis

The writer tabulates the data of metaphor from the corpus article on The Jakarta Post March 26, 2011 and The Jakarta Post March 31, 2011 and categorize them to the types which have been explained in chapter II according Lakoff and Johnson. Those types are: structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor.