9
that not all figure of speech used to express the emotions, in addition, this research also showed that the formation of emotional metaphors show concepts
are universal.
B. Semantics and Meaning
Semantics and purpose definition based on Abdul Chaer
12
in Pengantar Semantik Bahasa Indonesia
, the word semantics in Bahasa comes from Greek, Sema,
which means sign and symbol. Sign or symbol as a synonym of the word of Sema, which means sign of linguistics. This sign of linguistics consists of
two parts, component that interpret something and component that defined or the first component. Both of components are sign and symbol, while being
marked or in the symbol are something that beyond common language called referent or being indicated.
Afterwards, the word of semantics is agreed as a term that used for linguistics field on study of relation between signs of linguistics with things
that are being marked. Therefore, the word of semantics can be interpreted as a study of meanings or significance. The scope of semantics is including
meanings or significance that related with language as instrument of communication verbal. A word or lexeme contain meaning or concept.
Meaning or concept tend to general, while something that referenced or beyond language tend to be more specific.
13
12
Abdul Chaer. Op Cit., p.31.
13
Ibid ., p.35.
10
For sort of meaning, Chaer explained the same thing with Leech in Pengantar Semantik
, which classified into seven meanings; conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, affective or emotive meaning, stillistika or
social meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, and thematic meaning
14
. Chaer classified connotative meaning, stilistika meaning, affective meaning, reflective meaning, and collocative meaning into larger group, which
is associative meaning.
15
Leech does not define semantics as a specific, he focuses on meaning that he believes could be learned as one of linguistics
phenomenon inside his own words, not in beyond language. We can find a language with looking into meaning between one
sentence with one another sentence.
16
Leech sorted out meaning in comprehensive explanation into different seven types. First of all, Leech
emphasized on logical meaning or conceptual meaning, which is meaning that has been discussed before with its relation to semantics competence. This
meaning is often called denotative or cognitive. Six other types are: connotative meaning, stilistik meaning and affective meaning, reflected
meaning, collocative meaning, associative meaning and thematic meaning.
17
14
Geoffrey Leech. Loc. Cit
15
Abdul Chaer. Op. Cit., p.59.
16
. Goofrey Leech. Op. Cit., p.18.
17
Ibid., p. 19.
11
C. Metaphors
Aristotle defines metaphor as: “metaphor is the transference of a
customary terms meaning either from the generic to specific or from the specific to the specific or from one generic to another or through analogy”.
18
Aristotle considered metaphor as an act of substation or removal transfer. This is according to the etymological meaning of the word metaphor Greek
which consists of the prefix meta-pherein and verbs. Prefix meta-usually used to convey an idea of the changes, then the verb pherein meaning carry. So
literally, the word metaphor has meaning more transfer.
In addition to the follow-substitution, Aristotle also believes that the metaphors are a form of implicit comparisons are based on the principle of
analogy. The view is generally called “the comparison theory of metaphor”.
With regard to the use or function of metaphor, Aristotle assume that the primary function of language metaphor merely ornamental, only as rhetorical
tool.
19
There are three characteristic associated with the concept of metaphor according to Aristotle, namely 1 metaphor operates at the level of
words 2 metaphor is a form of deviation deviant of language, and 3 the similarity relationship between two nominal elements in metaphor words 2
18
Levin Samuel R. 1977. The Semantics of Metaphor. The Hopkins University Press, p.79.
19
Andrew Ortony. 1993. Metaphor and Thought. UK: Cambridge University Press, p.3.
