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Table 1: Argument is War Source: War
Target: Argument
Position Combatant
Same Position Different Position
Opinion Conflict
Agreement Disagreement
From the table above, it can be explained that the correspondences or mappings characterized the Argument is War conceptual metaphor. The
elements of source domains are in systematic correspondence with the elements of target domains. The aspects in source war is a combatant. In
target arguments this corresponds to or map onto conflicts. Finally, it can be concluded that the aspects in concepts of War are map into the concepts of
Argument.
2. Orientational Metaphor
Orientational metaphors are those that organize a whole system of concepts in terms of physical orientation. Orientational metaphors provide
even less conceptual structure for target concepts than ontological ones. Their cognitive job, instead, is to make a set of target concepts coherent in our
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conceptual system.
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Orientational metaphors give concepts spatial orientation by associating an abstract knowledge area with some aspect of
experiential knowledge grounded in how human beings understand their orientation in physical spaces of up vs down, and front vs back, etc.
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Such metaphorical orientations are not arbitrary.
They have a basis in our physical and cultural experience. The orientational metaphors based on them can vary from culture to culture. In
each case, will give a brief hint about how each metaphorical concept might have arisen from our physical and culture experience.
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According to William Nagy cited from George Lakofff and Mark Johnson in their book:
Metaphors, We Live By 1980, there are the illustrations of Up-Down in Orientational metaphors:
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1. HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN
I‟m feeling up. That boosted my spirits. My spirits rose. I‟m feeling down
. I‟m depressed. He‟s really low these days. Physical basis: Dropping
posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, erect posture with a positive emotional state. HAPPY IS UP defines a coherent system, example:
“I‟m feeling up” means “I‟m feeling happy.” 2.
CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN
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Zoltan Kövecses, 2010. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, 2nd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press p. 40
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James R. Hurford,. At.al. 2007. Semantics: A Course Book, 2nd Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press p. 335.
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George Lakoff , Op. Cit.,p.16.
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Ibid.,
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Get up. Wake up. I‟m up already. He fell asleep. He dropped off to sleep.
He‟s under hypnosis. Physical basis: Human and most animals sleeps lying down and stand erect when they wake up.
3. HEALTH AND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE
DOWN He‟s at the peak of health. Lazurus rose from the dead. He‟s in top shape.
He came down with the flu. His health is declining. Physical basis: Serious illness forces us physically to lie down, when you‟re dead yore physically
down. 4.
HAVING CONTROL OR FORCE IS UP; BEING SUBJECT TO CONTROL OR FORCE IS DOWN
I have control over her. I am on top of the situation. He‟s in a superior
position. He is my social inferior. He is low man on the totem pole. Physical basis: Physical size typically correlates with physical strength, and
the victor in a fight is typically on top. 5.
MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN The number of books printed each year keeps going up. His draft number
is high. His income fell last year. He is underage. Physical basis: If you add more substance or of a physical objects to a container or pile, the level goes
up. 6.
FORESEEABLE FUTURE EVENTS ARE UP AND AHEAD All upcoming events are listed in the paper.
What‟s coming up this week?
I‟m afraid of what‟s up ahead of us. What‟s up ahead of us.
