Therefore, the transcriptions of the data is interdiscursively complex since they present a variety of discourses. Interdiscursivity refers to the mixing of diverse genres,
discourses, or styles associated with institutional and social meanings in a single text WU: 2011. They are written texts which contain spoken language features such as
using ‘I’ and ‘you’ as subjects or objects and based on clause which means that they present the mixing of diverse discourses.
2.2.4 Text and Cohesion
The term text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written of whatever length, that does form a unified whole. A text may be spoken or written, prose
or verse, dialog or monolog. A text is unit of language in use. It is not grammatical unit, like clause or sentence and it is not defined by its size Halliday and Hasan: 1976.
In a text, each clause in sequence should contribute something to the text to be meaningful as a whole. A text is also regarded as a semantic unit: not a unit of form
but of meaning. Thus it is related to a clause or sentence not by size but by ‘realization’, the coding of one symbolic system in another. A text does not consist of sentences but;
it is realized by or encoded in sentences. Text has properties that are texture and ties. Texture refers to the quality of
being recognizably a text rather than a collection of unconnected words or clauses Thompson 1996:147. It distinguishes a text from something that is not a text. It
derives this texture from the fact that it functions as a unity with respect to its environment. Eggins 1994:85 added that texture is what holds the clauses of a text
together to give them unity. If a passage of English containing more than one sentence is perceived as a text, there will be a certain linguistic features present in that passage
which can be identified as contributing to its total unity and giving its texture. Simple example:
Wash and cut six cooking apples. Put them into a fire proof dish Halliday 1976:2 ‘Them’ in the second sentence refers back to the “six cooking apples” in the first
sentence. That is, anaphoric to the “six cooking apples”. This anaphoric relations that look back into the text for their interpretation functio
n of “them” gives cohesion to the two sentences as indicated above. Therefore, the two sentences can be interpreted as a
whole. Both sentences together constitute a text. The texture is provided by the cohesive relation that exists between “them” and the “six cooking apples”. The two
items are identical in reference or co-referential. A tie, on the other hand, is a single instance of cohesion, or an occurrence of a
pair of cohesively related items. For instance, the relation between “them” and “six cooking
apples” in the example above constitutes a tie. The concept of a tie makes it possible to analyze a text in terms of its cohesive properties and gives a systematic
account of its patterns of texture. Tie can further show the relationship between cohesion and the organization of written texts into sentences and paragraphs Olatunde:
2002.
The concept of cohesion is a semantic one: it refers to relation of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. Cohesion occurs where the
interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one presupposes the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by
recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed are thereby at least potentially integrated into a
text Halliday and Hasan 1976:4. We can consider the following example: I walked down to my mother. A broom was pitched against the wall.
They picked up their food carelessly. We went to Disneyland. I worried about you. Suprapti: 2009 as a non-text, for at least, the following reasons: 1 the clauses do not
hang together; each is self-contained, unrelated to other having no contribution to the interpretation of others, and 2 the participants in each clause keep changing and are
never referred again, except for I in clauses 1 and 5. What the clauses have in common is grammatical parallelism which is not enough for providing the creation of situational
coherence due to lack of internal organization that is lack of cohesion. Cohesion is another way of approaching the notion of a tie. To return to the
example: Wash and cut six cooking apples. Put them into a fire proof dish Halliday and Hassan
1976:β. The word “them” presupposes for its interpretation something other than itself. This requirement is met by the “six cooking apples” in the preceding
sentences. The presupposition, and the fact that it is resolved, provide cohesion between the two sentences, and in so doing create text.
Cohesion is expressed partly through the grammar and partly through the vocabulary we can refer therefore to grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion.
2.2.5 Grammatical Cohesion
