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CHAPTER III
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
Chapter three focuses on the methods of investigation. In this chapter I would explain the research design, subject of the study, object of the study, roles of the researcher,
unit of analysis, instrument for collecting the data, procedures of collecting the data, and procedures of analyzing the data.
3.1 Research Design
Research design plays an important role in investigation. It is the way used by a researcher to do an investigation. The quality of the result of the field study and other
kinds of investigation greatly depends on methods. According to Creswell 2009:3, research designs are
“plans and procedures for research that span the decisions from broad assumptions to detailed methods of data collection and analysis.
Since the research is about “the analysis of language description alone, the analysis
solely qualitative ” Marjohan 1988:14. The data obtained were analyzed and then the
analysis is formed descriptively not investigating the numerals or about the inter- variable relationship. This method is called descriptive qualitative method. Moleong
2000:3 states that qualitative methods are “the procedure of research which results in
descriptive data from people and their visual act written or spoken ”.
One of qualitative research approach is discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is “the analysis of language in use” Brown and Yule 198γ:1. It means that the discourse
analyst investigates what the language is used for. While Renkema 1993:33 pointed out that “a discourse and especially a text, is a sequence of connected sentences or
utterances by which a sender communicates a message to a receiver ”. In order to
qualify as discourse, there has been formulated seven criteria that a sequence of sentence must meet which one of the criteria
is cohesion. “Cohesion is the connection that results when the interpretation of a textual element is dependent on another element
in the text” Renkema β004:49. In addition, discourse analysis is the study of language in communication whether spoken or written
. “Discourse is for me more than just language use: it is language use, whether speech or writing, seen as a type of social
practice” Fairclough 199β:β8. This study is spoken discourse analysis since spoken data were analyzed.
This research is classified as spoken discourse analysis since I analyzed the spoken data which were
transcribed. “In general, the spoken discourse analyst works with a tape-recording of an event, from which he then makes a writ
ten transcription” Brown and Yule 1983:9. The data transcriptions of the spoken text produced by the students
were analyzed mainly based on the theory of M.A.K Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan 1976 in analyzing English Cohesion on their book
entitled “Cohesion in English”.
3.2 Subject of the Study
