Ten out of twenty speeches were chosen to be analyzed because some reasons. First, the sounds of some recorded data could not be heard clearly. Second, it was not
possible to rerecord the speeches which were not clear because it would be quite difficult to make them made the speeches twice.
3.8 Procedure of Analyzing Data
Th e data, students’ speeches, were analyzed based on the use of cohesive devices
reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. The analysis was based on the theory of Halliday and Hassan in Cohesion in English 1976. It was
analyzed by using the following steps:
3.8.1 Dividing and numbering the sentences into clauses
The first step in analyzing the data was dividing and numbering the sentences into clauses by using clause complex analysis paratactic and hypotactic in each speech.
The following is the example of some clauses analysis which are taken from speech A:
Table 3.1 The Clause Complex Analysis
A Number
of Clauses
Clause Complex Analysis
1 In this occasion, I will tell you about my
new year resolution. 2
Uum the first one is, in next year, I want to lift up my weight.
3 1
In 2015, my weight is only around 60 kg
4 +2
and sometimes it will rise 62 kg
5 +3
but especially after I got big meal, very
big meal, 6
+4 and
the one who always complain about
my weight is my mother.
7 1
Every time I got back to my house in Batang,
8 +
instead of I think about my final project
9 =2
α 1
my mother will ask me about
10 “β 1
why my body is so thin? 11
=2 1 something like that,
12 +2 1
and that question is always dancing
around my mind,
13 x2
so , in the next year, lift up my weight
is my top priority. 14
1 I will do anything to lift up my weight,
15 x2
1
so, it can move from around 60 kg to
around 70 kg
16 =2
I will eat a lot, may be four times a day 17
=3 1
I will do a gym, maybe twice or three times a week
18 +2
x
and maybe if there is medicine to
increase weight
19 +3
and I can afford it
20 α
I will buy it.
3.8.2 Identifying Grammatical and Lexical Cohesive Devices within the Clause
After considering the clauses, the next step that I did was identifying cohesive devises within the clauses both grammatically and lexically based on the Halliday and Hasan
theory in the book entitled Cohesion in English.
3.8.3 Applying the coding system as suggested by Halliday and Hasan 1976: 333
I simplified the coding system which was made by Halliday and Hasan 1976 to make the analysis easier as follows:
Table 3.2 The Coding System of Cohesion
Type of Cohesion Coding
1 Reference
a Personal
b Demonstrative
c Comparative
R 1
2 3
2 Substitution
a Nominal Substitution
b Verbal Substitution
c Clausal Substitution
S 1
2 3
3 Ellipsis
a Nominal Ellipsis
b Verbal Ellipsis
c Clausal Ellipsis
E 1
2 3
4 Conjunction
a Addictive
b Adversative
c Causal
d Temporal
C 1
2 3
4
5 Lexical
a Reiteration
b Collocation
L 1
2
3.8.4 Putting the text types into tables based on the types
