Lexical cohesion is, in many ways, the most interesting of all the cohesive categories. The background knowledge of the reader or listener plays a more
obvious role in the perception of lexical relationships than in the perception of other types of cohesion. Collocation patterns, for example, will only
perceived by someone who knows something about the subject at hand. Nunan 1993: 30
Thus, collocates can be words used in the same context or it can be words that contribute to the same area of meaning Kennedy: 2003. For example, a text dealing
with the chemical treatment of food contains lexical chains such as: fruit, skin, citrus, lemon, orange, chemicals, products, laboratory …etc. these words can be said to belong
to the same register and contribute to the same topic.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
The framework of the study is based on the analysis of the cohesion with devices used in the organization of discourse. The cohesive devices are functioned to distinguish the
relations of the sentences within the discourse to be considered as so called a text. The devices used are the ones introduced by Halliday and Hasan 1976.
There are five types of devices in forming the unified texts. The first is reference, the relation between an element of the text and something else by reference
to which it is interpreted in the given instance. It includes personal, demonstrative and comparative reference. The next is substitution, the replacement of one item by another.
It consists of nominal, verbal and clausal substitution. The third is ellipsis, the substitution by zero. It includes nominal, verbal and clausal. Then, there is conjunction,
including additive, adversative, causal and temporal. The last is lexical cohesion consisting reiteration and collocation.
personal reference Reference
demonstrative reference comparative reference
nominal substitution Substitution
verbal substitution clausal substitution
nominal ellipsis Ellipsis
verbal ellipsis Cohesion
clausal ellipsis additive conjunction
adversative conjunction Conjunction
causal conjunction temporal conjunction
other conjunctive items Lexical Cohesion
reiteration Collocation
Figure 2.3 The Classification of Cohesion according to Halliday and Hasan 1976
Figure 2.4 Theoretical Framework
Cohesion in Students’ Speech the case of the Third Semester English Language Students of UNNES
Reference Substitution
Ellipsis Conjunction
Substitution Lexical Cohesion
Grammatical Cohesion
Analyze the cohesion of the speeches produced by
the third semester English Language students
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CHAPTER III
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
Chapter three focuses on the methods of investigation. In this chapter I would explain the research design, subject of the study, object of the study, roles of the researcher,
unit of analysis, instrument for collecting the data, procedures of collecting the data, and procedures of analyzing the data.
3.1 Research Design
