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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the findings of the research about cohesive devices found in the third semester students’ speeches of Unnes. It includes the general description,
findings, and discussion of the findings.
4.1 General Description
In this study the data were gathered from the speaking for general purposes class. There were twenty students who presented their speeches in certain topics that had been given
before but only ten speeches which were chosen as the object of this study. The data were analyzed qualitatively based on discourse analysis which one
kind of discourse analysis is cohesion. The data were analyzed by using Halliday and Hasan theory 1976. The theory covers two main types of cohesion; grammatical
cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion includes reference personal, demonstrative and comparative, substitution nominal, verbal, and clausal, ellipsis
nominal, verbal, and clausal and conjunction additional, adversative, causal, and temporal. While lexical cohesion consists of reiteration and collocation. The analysis
was done to classify the cohesion types used in the data by observing the transcription of the speeches made by the object of the study.
4.2 Research Findings
To make the finding clear, the data were analyzed using clause complex analysis because cohesion refers to the resources within language that provide continuity in a
text, over and above that provided by clause structure and clause complexes. Hence, cohesive relations are non-structural relations which work to help a text hang together.
Clause complex can be expressed through taxis parataxis and hypotaxis and logico-sematic relation expansion and projection. See the following example which
was taken from speech C: C Some people are sign up and never comeback while others are using their
dating site every day. Here, there are three clauses which can be analyzed as follows:
C 13 1 Some people are sign up
14 +β α and never comeback
15 + while others are using their dating site every day.
Here the relationship is expressed by the words and and while which known as the marker of taxis paratactic and and hypotactic while and expansion extending +.
The finding shows that there are clause complexes occurrences in the speeches under the study which can be formulated into the following table.
Table 4.1 The Clause Complex Occurrence
Monologue Total number of
sentences Total number of clause
complexes Total number of
clauses A
15 9
40 B
19 11
48 C
17 15
45 D
24 19
70 E
13 11
39 F
30 19
80 G
19 17
50 H
15 13
44 I
12 12
52 J
12 6
24
In addition, the finding of the cohesive devices analysis is summarized in the following table. The table aimed to make the readers easier to get information about
the findings.
Table 4.2 Total Percentage of All Speeches No.
Types of Cohesion Number of cohesive
devices Percentages
1 Reference
223 21.44
Substitution 19
1.82 Ellipsis
13 1.25
Conjunction 197
18.94 2
Lexical Cohesion 588
56.54
Total 1040
100
The table above shows that five types of cohesion are used by the students in their speeches. There are a lot of occurrences of cohesive devices found in each text.
On the other words, there are also many cohesive devices which are different from one to another. To make it clearer and show the differences, the following table was
formulated.
Table 4.3 The Occurrence of Cohesive Devices Monologue
Types of Cohesive Devices
Reference Substitution
Ellipsis Conjunction
Lexical Cohesion
A
24 1
17 52
B 29
9 21
46
C 24
1 1
17 61
D
46 8
1 19
89
E 14
3 1
18 21
F 36
2 1
31 113
G
20 22
70
H 10
2 19
49
I 17
2 22
63
J
3 11
23
Total 223
19 13
197 588
Based on the table above, totally there are 1040 cohesive devices from the ten speeches.
The findings reveal that the five types of cohesive devices occur in the speeches although the distribution of each type is significantly different. The most occurrences
are on lexical cohesion, which mostly reiteration type are 575 cases 55.3. Repetition of the same words have the bigger number rather than synonym or general words. It is
because the intention in making emphasis on the certain topics that the speakers talking about. For example in speech D the s
peaker repeated the word ‘resolution’ many times because her topic is about New Year resolution.
The second dominated cohesive device belongs to reference with 223 cases 21.44. In this case personal reference frequently used by the speaker such as it
which refers to the particular object which has been stated in the preceding clause. Next is conjunction that is 197 cases 18.94. The additive conjunction often occurs which
is expressed by the words and, for example and or. Meanwhile the occurrences of substitution is higher than ellipsis. There are 19 cases 1.82 of substitutions which
is higher than the occurrence of ellipsis with 13 cases 1.25.
4.3 Discussions
